Production of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) from Battery Waste: Green and Sustainable Synthesis and Reduction

Freitas, Thabata Karoliny Formicoli Souza; Geraldino, Henrique Cesar Lopes; Figueiredo, Franciele França; Martins, Danielly Cruz Campo; Garcia, Juliana Carla; Tavares, Célia Regina Granhen

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44176-0_13

Thabata Karoliny Formicoli Souza Freitas⁴,
Henrique Cesar Lopes Geraldino⁵,
Franciele França Figueiredo⁵,
Danielly Cruz Campo Martins⁴,
Juliana Carla Garcia⁵ &
…
Célia Regina Granhen Tavares⁴

Part of the book series: Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences ((NALIS))

644 Accesses

Abstract

Zinc-carbon batteries are consumed daily worldwide. Large amounts of batteries are mainly disposed of improperly due to their low cost and short life cycle. It contains a graphite rod as a positive electrode. Considering that graphite natural resources are not abundant worldwide and that powder and rod graphite are already being used for graphene synthesis, the use of graphite from these discarded batteries is a cheap, sustainable, and nonhazardous process for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Graphite rod has been removed, pretreated by using acid treatment and sonication to eliminate contaminants, and used as raw material for synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) by electrochemical exfoliation in aqueous electrolytic solution. GO was reduced to rGO using a mild condition and L-ascorbic acid (natural reducing agent) to remove oxygen functionalities and to restore the π-network of the GO. This method does not use reducing agents that are corrosive, combustible, and harmful to human health and environment. The yield of rGO using waste battery graphite was 80%. To optimize the electrochemical exfoliation process, three different voltages were applied (5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 V).

Characterization of the structure and morphology of rGO was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller equation (BET) area; X-ray diffraction (XRD); Raman spectroscopy; dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS); and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). rGO has been successfully synthetized. This route can be considered as green, cost-effective, sustainable, and eco-friendly. The 7.5 V is the optimum voltage to produce high-quality graphene.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the State University of Maringá (Paraná, Brazil), Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, for laboratorial support. We also thank the FINEP, CAPES, COMCAP-UEM, and CNPq for research funding and equipment availability.

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Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
Thabata Karoliny Formicoli Souza Freitas, Danielly Cruz Campo Martins & Célia Regina Granhen Tavares
Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
Henrique Cesar Lopes Geraldino, Franciele França Figueiredo & Juliana Carla Garcia

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Thabata Karoliny Formicoli Souza Freitas
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Henrique Cesar Lopes Geraldino
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Franciele França Figueiredo
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Juliana Carla Garcia
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Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Inamuddin
Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah M. Asiri

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Freitas, T.K.F.S., Geraldino, H.C.L., Figueiredo, F.F., Martins, D.C.C., Garcia, J.C., Tavares, C.R.G. (2020). Production of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) from Battery Waste: Green and Sustainable Synthesis and Reduction. In: Inamuddin, Asiri, A. (eds) Applications of Nanotechnology for Green Synthesis. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44176-0_13

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44176-0_13
Published: 03 July 2020
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