Abstract
Since the era of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy began with the discovery of the antipsychotic properties of chlorpromazine in 1952, many new medications for psychosis (antipsychotics) have become available. All currently approved medications for psychosis, except pimavanserin, remain dopaminergic agents. Medications for psychosis alleviate psychotic symptoms and prevent relapse into psychosis in the treatment of schizophrenia. Moreover, they are also indicated for a variety of other conditions, including bipolar disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Medications for psychosis sometimes cause various side effects while their side effect profiles greatly differ among individual drugs. Much effort has recently been devoted to developing drugs that exert their effects by modulating neural systems other than the dopaminergic system, and several drugs have demonstrated promising results in Phase II and III trials. In addition, individualized treatment for a specific patient based on their biological characteristics is one of the future goals of psychopharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. These goals will be achieved with precise biological characterization of this illness.
This chapter is an update from the 4th edition. Previous edition authors were Seiya Miyamoto, David B. Merrill, L. Fredrik Jarskog, W. Wolfgang Fleishhacker, Stephen R. Marder and Jeffrey A. Lieberman
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Abbas, A. I., Hedlund, P. B., Huang, X. P., et al. (2009). Amisulpride is a potent 5-HT7 antagonist: Relevance for antidepressant actions in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 205, 119–128.
Aerts, L., Cations, M., Harrison, F., Jessop, T., Shell, A., Chenoweth, L., & Brodaty, H. (2019). Why deprescribing antipsychotics in older people with dementia in long-term care is not always successful: Insights from the HALT study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(11), 1572–1581.
Aichhorn, W., Marksteiner, J., Walch, T., et al. (2006). Influence of age, gender, body weight and valproate comedication on quetiapine plasma concentrations. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 81–85.
Aksoy Poyraz, C., Turan, Ş., Demirel, Ö. F., et al. (2015). Effectiveness of ultra-rapid dose titration of clozapine for treatment-resistant bipolar mania: Case series. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 5, 237–242.
Alexopoulos, G. S., Streim, J., Carpenter, D., et al. (2004). Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl 2), 5–99; discussion 100–102; quiz 103–4.
Allen, R. M., & Young, S. J. (1978). Phencyclidine-induced psychosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 1081–1084.
American Psychiatric Association (Ed.). (2021). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
Anderson, K. K., Voineskos, A., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2014). The role of untreated psychosis in neurodegeneration: A review of hypothesized mechanisms of neurotoxicity in first-episode psychosis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 513–517.
Andrezina, R., Josiassen, R. C., Marcus, R. N., et al. (2006). Intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with intramuscular haloperidol. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 188, 281–292.
Arakawa, R., Ito, H., Takano, A., et al. (2008). Dose-finding study of paliperidone ER based on striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 197, 229–235.
Arakawa, R., Ito, H., Takano, A., et al. (2010). Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by perospirone: A positron emission tomography study in patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 209, 285–290.
Arnt, J., & Skarsfeldt, T. (1998). Do novel antipsychotics have similar pharmacological characteristics? A review of the evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, 63–101.
Artukoglu, B. B., Li, F., Szejko, N., & Bloch, M. H. (2020). Pharmacologic Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Clin Psychiatry, 81(4), 19r12798. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19r12798. PMID: 32459404
Ayd, F. J., Jr. (1961). A survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. JAMA, 175, 1054–1060.
Ballard, C., Margallo-Lana, M., Juszczak, E., et al. (2005). Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ, 330, 874.
Barnas, C., Quiner, S., Tauscher, J., et al. (2001). In vivo (123)I IBZM SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine 2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 157, 236–242.
Barnes, T. R., & Mcphillips, M. A. (1999). Critical analysis and comparison of the side-effect and safety profiles of the new antipsychotics. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, 38, 34–43. PMID: 10884898.
Barnes, T. R., Drake, R., Paton, C., et al. (2020). Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: Updated recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34, 3–78.
Bartoli, F., Dell’osso, B., Crocamo, C., et al. (2017). Benefits and harms of low and high second-generation antipsychotics doses for bipolar depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 88, 38–46.
Bergman, H., Rathbone, J., Agarwal, V., et al. (2018). Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Cd000459.
Bigliani, V., Mulligan, R. S., Acton, P. D., et al. (2000). Striatal and temporal cortical D2/D3 receptor occupancy by olanzapine and sertindole in vivo: A [123I]epidepride single photon emission tomography (SPET) study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 150, 132–140.
Bishara, D., & Taylor, D. (2008). Upcoming agents for the treatment of schizophrenia: Mechanism of action, efficacy and tolerability. Drugs, 68, 2269–2292.
Bobes, J., Arango, C., Garcia-Garcia, M., et al. (2010). Prevalence of negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with antipsychotics in routine clinical practice: Findings from the CLAMORS study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 280–286.
Boter, H., Peuskens, J., Libiger, J., et al. (2009). Effectiveness of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder on response and remission: An open randomized clinical trial (EUFEST). Schizophrenia Research, 115, 97–103.
Brannan, S. K., Sawchak, S., Miller, A. C., Lieberman, J. A., Paul, S. M., & Breier, A. (2021). Muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist and peripheral antagonist for schizophrenia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 384(8), 717–726.
Breier, A., Meehan, K., Birkett, M., et al. (2002). A double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-response comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 441–448.
Brook, S., Lucey, J. V., & Gunn, K. P. (2000). Intramuscular ziprasidone compared with intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute psychosis. Ziprasidone I.M. Study Group. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 933–941.
Buchanan, R. W. (2007). Persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An overview. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 1013–1022.
Buchanan, R. W., & Gold, J. M. (1996). Negative symptoms: Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(Suppl 2), 3–11.
Buchanan, R. W., Kreyenbuhl, J., Kelly, D. L., et al. (2010). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 71–93.
Buckley, P. F. (2001). Broad therapeutic uses of atypical antipsychotic medications. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 912–924.
Buckley, P. F., & Correll, C. U. (2008). Strategies for dosing and switching antipsychotics for optimal clinical management. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(Suppl 1), 4–17.
Burns, M. J. (2001). The pharmacology and toxicology of atypical antipsychotic agents. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology, 39, 1–14.
Burton, S. (2006). Symptom domains of schizophrenia: The role of atypical antipsychotic agents. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 6–19.
Bymaster, F. P., Calligaro, D. O., Falcone, J. F., et al. (1996). Radioreceptor binding profile of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 87–96.
Bymaster, F. P., Rasmussen, K., Calligaro, D. O., et al. (1997). In vitro and in vivo biochemistry of olanzapine: A novel, atypical antipsychotic drug. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(Suppl 10), 28–36.
Bymaster, F. P., Felder, C., Ahmed, S., et al. (2002). Muscarinic receptors as a target for drugs treating schizophrenia. Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders, 1, 163–181.
Cahn, W., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Lems, E. B., et al. (2002). Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: A 1-year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 1002–1010.
Carbon, M., Hsieh, C. H., Kane, J. M., et al. (2017). Tardive dyskinesia prevalence in the period of second-generation antipsychotic use: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78, e264–e278.
Carpenter, W. T., & Gold, J. M. (2002). Another view of therapy for cognition in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 969–971.
Casey, D. E. (1993). Neuroleptic-induced acute extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 589–610.
Casey, D. E. (1999). Tardive dyskinesia and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Schizophrenia Research, 35(Suppl), S61–S66.
Ceraso, A., Lin, J. J., Schneider-Thoma, J., et al. (2020). Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, Cd008016.
Chan, B., Freeman, M., Kondo, K., et al. (2019a). Pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine/amphetamine use disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 114, 2122–2136.
Chan, B., Kondo, K., Freeman, M., et al. (2019b). Pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34, 2858–2873.
Chen, A. T., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2019). Neuroprotective effects of the second generation antipsychotics. Schizophrenia Research, 208, 1–7.
Chen, Y., Bobo, W. V., Watts, K., et al. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of switching antipsychotic drug treatment to aripiprazole or ziprasidone for improving metabolic profile and atherogenic dyslipidemia: A 12-month, prospective, open-label study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 26, 1201–1210.
Chou, P. H., Chu, C. S., Lin, C. H., et al. (2016). Use of atypical antipsychotics and risks of cataract development in patients with schizophrenia: A population-based, nested case-control study. Schizophrenia Research, 174, 137–143.
Chouinard, G., Samaha, A. N., Chouinard, V. A., Peretti, C. S., Kanahara, N., Takase, M., & Iyo, M. (2017). Antipsychotic-induced dopamine supersensitivity psychosis: Pharmacology, criteria, and therapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 86(4), 189–219.
Chu, C. S., Chou, P. H., Chen, Y. H., et al. (2017). Association between antipsychotic drug use and cataracts in patients with bipolar disorder: A population-based, nested case-control study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 209, 86–92.
Cipriani, A., Boso, M., & Barbui, C. (2009). Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, Cd006324.
Cipriani, A., Barbui, C., Salanti, G., et al. (2011). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: A multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet, 378, 1306–1315.
Citrome, L. (2016). Cariprazine for the treatment of schizophrenia: A review of this dopamine D3-preferring D3/D2 receptor partial agonist. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 10, 109–119.
Citrome, L., & Saklad, S. R. (2020). Revisiting Tardive Dyskinesia: Focusing on the Basics of Identification and Treatment. J Clin Psychiatry, 81(2):TV18059AH3C. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.TV18059AH3C. PMID: 32078259.
Citrome, L., Stensbøl, T. B., & Maeda, K. (2015). The preclinical profile of brexpiprazole: What is its clinical relevance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 15, 1219–1229.
Collins, C. M., Wood, M. D., & Elliott, J. M. (2014). Chronic administration of haloperidol and clozapine induces differential effects on the expression of Arc and c-Fos in rat brain. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28, 947–954.
Cooper, S. J., Reynolds, G. P., Barnes, T., et al. (2016). BAP guidelines on the management of weight gain, metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular risk associated with psychosis and antipsychotic drug treatment. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 717–748.
Corena-Mcleod, M. (2015). Comparative pharmacology of risperidone and paliperidone. Drugs R D, 15, 163–174.
Corponi, F., Fabbri, C., Bitter, I., et al. (2019). Novel antipsychotics specificity profile: A clinically oriented review of lurasidone, brexpiprazole, cariprazine and lumateperone. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 971–985.
Correll, C. U., Rummel-Kluge, C., Corves, C., et al. (2009). Antipsychotic combinations vs monotherapy in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 443–457.
Cutler, A. J., Montgomery, S. A., Feifel, D., et al. (2009). Extended release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy in major depressive disorder: A placebo- and duloxetine-controlled study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 526–539.
Davidson, M., Galderisi, S., Weiser, M., et al. (2009). Cognitive effects of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: A randomized, open-label clinical trial (EUFEST). The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 675–682.
De Bartolomeis, A., Buonaguro, E. F., Latte, G., et al. (2017). Immediate-early genes modulation by antipsychotics: Translational implications for a putative gateway to drug-induced long-term brain changes. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 240.
De Bruin, N. M., & Kruse, C. G. (2015). 5-HT6 receptor antagonists: Potential efficacy for the treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 21, 3739–3759.
Deeks, E. D., & Keating, G. M. (2010). Blonanserin: A review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs, 24, 65–84.
Delay, J., Deniker, P., Harl, et al. (1952a). [N-dimethylamino-prophylchlorophenothiazine (4560 RP) therapy of confusional states]. Annales Medico-Psychologiques (Paris), 110, 398–403.
Delay, J., Deniker, P., & Harl, J. M. (1952b). [Therapeutic use in psychiatry of phenothiazine of central elective action (4560 RP)]. Annales Medico-Psychologiques (Paris), 110, 112–117.
Devoe, D. J., Farris, M. S., Townes, P., & Addington, J. (2020). Interventions and Transition in Youth at Risk of Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. J Clin Psychiatry, 81(3):17r12053. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r12053. PMID: 32433834.
Dong, M., Lu, L., Zhang, L., et al. (2019). Quality of life in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of comparative studies. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 90, 519–532.
Druschky, K., Bleich, S., Grohmann, R., et al. (2019). Seizure rates under treatment with antipsychotic drugs: Data from the AMSP project. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 20, 732–741.
Duggan, L., Fenton, M., Rathbone, J., et al. (2005). Olanzapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Cd001359. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001359.pub2. PMID: 15846619.
Duncan, G. E., Zorn, S., & Lieberman, J. A. (1999). Mechanisms of typical and atypical antipsychotic drug action in relation to dopamine and NMDA receptor hypofunction hypotheses of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 418–428.
Dzahini, O., Singh, N., Taylor, D., et al. (2018). Antipsychotic drug use and pneumonia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32, 1167–1181.
Egerton, A., Broberg, B. V., Van Haren, N., et al. (2018). Response to initial antipsychotic treatment in first episode psychosis is related to anterior cingulate glutamate levels: A multicentre (1)H-MRS study (OPTiMiSE). Molecular Psychiatry, 23, 2145–2155.
El Abdellati, K., De Picker, L., & Morrens, M. (2020). Antipsychotic treatment failure: A systematic review on risk factors and interventions for treatment adherence in psychosis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 531763.
El-Mallakh, R. S., & Watkins, J. (2019). Prolactin elevations and the permeability glycoprotein. Primary Care Companion CNS Disorders, 21(3), pii: 18nr02412.
Enomoto, T., Ishibashi, T., Tokuda, K., et al. (2008). Lurasidone reverses MK-801-induced impairment of learning and memory in the Morris water maze and radial-arm maze tests in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 186, 197–207.
Farde, L., Nordström, A. L., Wiesel, F. A., et al. (1992). Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine. Relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 538–544.
Farde, L., Nyberg, S., Oxenstierna, G., et al. (1995). Positron emission tomography studies on D2 and 5-HT2 receptor binding in risperidone-treated schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 19s–23s.
Ferris, P. (2000). Ziprasidone. Current Opinion in CPNS Investigational Drugs, 2, 58–70.
Fleischhacker, W. W., & Simma, A. M. (2012). Managing the prodrome of schizophrenia. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 212, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2_5. PMID: 23129330.
Fleischhacker, W. W., & Uchida, H. (2014). Critical review of antipsychotic polypharmacy in the treatment of schizophrenia. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 1083–1093.
Fleischhacker, W. W., Unterweger, B., Kane, J. M., et al. (1990). The neuroleptic malignant syndrome and its differentiation from lethal catatonia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81, 3–5.
Fleischhacker, W., Galderisi, S., Laszlovszky, I., et al. (2019). The efficacy of cariprazine in negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Post hoc analyses of PANSS individual items and PANSS-derived factors. European Psychiatry, 58, 1–9.
Flint, A. J., Meyers, B. S., Rothschild, A. J., et al. (2019). Effect of continuing olanzapine vs placebo on relapse among patients with psychotic depression in remission: The STOP-PD II randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 322, 622–631.
Frånberg, O., Wiker, C., Marcus, M. M., et al. (2008). Asenapine, a novel psychopharmacologic agent: Preclinical evidence for clinical effects in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 196, 417–429.
Frånberg, O., Marcus, M. M., Ivanov, V., et al. (2009). Asenapine elevates cortical dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin release. Evidence for activation of cortical and subcortical dopamine systems by different mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 204, 251–264.
Freyberg, Z., Ferrando, S. J., & Javitch, J. A. (2010). Roles of the Akt/GSK-3 and Wnt signaling pathways in schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug action. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 388–396.
Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., Yung, A. R., et al. (2012). Predicting psychosis: Meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 220–229.
Gaebel, W. (1994). Intermittent medication – An alternative? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 382, 33–38.
Gaebel, W., Janner, M., Frommann, N., et al. (2002). First vs multiple episode schizophrenia: Two-year outcome of intermittent and maintenance medication strategies. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 145–159.
Galderisi, S., Maj, M., Mucci, A., et al. (2002). Historical, psychopathological, neurological, and neuropsychological aspects of deficit schizophrenia: A multicenter study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 983–990.
Galletly, C. (2009). Recent advances in treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 202, 259–273.
Gefvert, O., Bergström, M., Långström, B., et al. (1998). Time course of central nervous dopamine-D2 and 5-HT2 receptor blockade and plasma drug concentrations after discontinuation of quetiapine (Seroquel) in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 135, 119–126.
Ghanbari, R., El Mansari, M., Shahid, M., et al. (2009). Electrophysiological characterization of the effects of asenapine at 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), alpha(2)-adrenergic and D(2) receptors in the rat brain. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 177–187.
Goff, D. C., Falkai, P., Fleischhacker, W. W., et al. (2017). The long-term effects of antipsychotic medication on clinical course in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 840–849.
Gopalakrishnan, M., Zhu, H., Farchione, T. R., Mathis, M., Mehta, M., Uppoor, R., & Younis, I. (2020). The Trend of Increasing Placebo Response and Decreasing Treatment Effect in Schizophrenia Trials Continues: An Update From the US Food and Drug Administration. J Clin Psychiatry, 81(2):19r12960. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19r12960. PMID: 32141721.
Graff-Guerrero, A., Rajji, T. K., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2015). Evaluation of antipsychotic dose reduction in late-life schizophrenia: A prospective dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy study. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 927–934.
Green, M. F. (1996). What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 321–330.
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Braff, D. L., et al. (2000). Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 119–136.
Green, M. F., Marder, S. R., Glynn, S. M., et al. (2002). The neurocognitive effects of low-dose haloperidol: A two-year comparison with risperidone. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 972–978.
Grimaldi-Bensouda, L., Rouillon, F., Astruc, B., et al. (2012). Does long-acting injectable risperidone make a difference to the real-life treatment of schizophrenia? Results of the Cohort for the General study of Schizophrenia (CGS). Schizophrenia Research, 134, 187–194.
Haddad, P. M., & Wieck, A. (2004). Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: Mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs, 64, 2291–2314.
Häfner, H., Riecher-Rössler, A., Maurer, K., et al. (1992). First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia. A chapter of epidemiological and neurobiological research into age and sex differences. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 242, 109–118.
Haga, T., Ito, K., Sakashita, K., et al. (2018). Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports, 38, 204–209.
Hamann, J., Holzhüter, F., Blakaj, S., et al. (2020). Implementing shared decision-making on acute psychiatric wards: A cluster-randomized trial with inpatients suffering from schizophrenia (SDM-PLUS). Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e137.
Haring, C., Neudorfer, C., Schwitzer, J., et al. (1994). EEG alterations in patients treated with clozapine in relation to plasma levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 114, 97–100.
Harvey, P. D., & Keefe, R. S. (2001). Studies of cognitive change in patients with schizophrenia following novel antipsychotic treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 176–184.
Harvey, P. D., Howanitz, E., Parrella, M., et al. (1998). Symptoms, cognitive functioning, and adaptive skills in geriatric patients with lifelong schizophrenia: A comparison across treatment sites. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1080–1086.
Harvey, P. D., Silverman, J. M., Mohs, R. C., et al. (1999). Cognitive decline in late-life schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of geriatric chronically hospitalized patients. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 32–40.
Hasan, A., Falkai, P., Wobrock, T., et al. (2012). World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: Update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 13, 318–378.
Hasan, A., Falkai, P., Wobrock, T., et al. (2013). World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: Update 2012 on the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 14, 2–44.
Hawkins, E. M., Coryell, W., Leung, S., Parikh, S. V., Weston, C., Nestadt, P., Nurnberger, J. I., Jr., Kaplin, A., Kumar, A., Farooqui, A. A., El-Mallakh, R. S., & National Network of Depression Centers Suicide Prevention Task Group. (2021). Effects of somatic treatments on suicidal ideation and completed suicides. Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective, 11(11), e2381.
Heinrichs, R. W. (2007). Cognitive improvement in response to antipsychotic drugs: Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 631–632.
Herniman, S. E., Allott, K., Phillips, L. J., et al. (2019). Depressive psychopathology in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 49, 2463–2474.
Hicks, B. M., Busby, J., Mills, K., et al. (2020). Post-diagnostic antipsychotic use and cancer mortality: A population based cohort study. BMC Cancer, 20, 804.
Hiemke, C., Bergemann, N., Clement, H. W., et al. (2018). Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry, 51, 9–62.
Ho, B. C., Andreasen, N. C., Nopoulos, P., et al. (2003). Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 585–594.
Hofer, A., Kemmler, G., Eder, U., et al. (2004). Quality of life in schizophrenia: The impact of psychopathology, attitude toward medication, and side effects. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 932–939.
Howanitz, E., Pardo, M., Smelson, D. A., et al. (1999). The efficacy and safety of clozapine versus chlorpromazine in geriatric schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 41–44.
Howes, O. D., Mccutcheon, R., Agid, O., et al. (2017). Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 216–229.
Huang, M., Yu, L., Pan, F., et al. (2018). A randomized, 13-week study assessing the efficacy and metabolic effects of paliperidone palmitate injection and olanzapine in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 81, 122–130.
Huhn, M., Nikolakopoulou, A., Schneider-Thoma, J., et al. (2019). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet, 394, 939–951.
Hummer, M., Kurz, M., Barnas, C., et al. (1994). Clozapine-induced transient white blood count disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 429–432.
Hurault-Delarue, C., Damase-Michel, C., Finotto, L., et al. (2016). Psychomotor developmental effects of prenatal exposure to psychotropic drugs: A study in EFEMERIS database. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 30, 476–482.
Huybrechts, K. F., Hernández-Díaz, S., Patorno, E., et al. (2016). Antipsychotic use in pregnancy and the risk for congenital malformations. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 938–946.
Ibrahim, H. M., & Tamminga, C. A. (2012). Treating impaired cognition in schizophrenia. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 13, 1587–1594.
Ishibashi, T., Horisawa, T., Tokuda, K., et al. (2010). Pharmacological profile of lurasidone, a novel antipsychotic agent with potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT7) and 5-HT1A receptor activity. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 334, 171–181.
Ishida, T., Uchida, H., Suzuki, T., et al. (2011). Plasma substance P level in patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65, 526–528.
Ishiyama, T., Tokuda, K., Ishibashi, T., et al. (2007). Lurasidone (SM-13496), a novel atypical antipsychotic drug, reverses MK-801-induced impairment of learning and memory in the rat passive-avoidance test. European Journal of Pharmacology, 572, 160–170.
Ito, H., Takano, H., Takahashi, H., et al. (2009). Effects of the antipsychotic risperidone on dopamine synthesis in human brain measured by positron emission tomography with L-[beta-11C]DOPA: A stabilizing effect for dopaminergic neurotransmission? The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 13730–13734.
Iwata, Y., Nakajima, S., Caravaggio, F., et al. (2016). Threshold of dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy for hyperprolactinemia in older patients with schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77, e1557–e1563.
Iwata, Y., Nakajima, S., Plitman, E., et al. (2019). Glutamatergic neurometabolite levels in patients with ultra-treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A cross-sectional 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biological Psychiatry, 85, 596–605.
Janssen, P. A., Van De Westeringh, C., Jageneau, A. H., et al. (1959). Chemistry and pharmacology of CNS depressants related to 4-(4-hydroxy-phenylpiperidino)butyrophenone. I. Synthesis and screening data in mice. Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 1, 281–297.
Janssen, P. A., Niemegeers, C. J., Awouters, F., et al. (1988). Pharmacology of risperidone (R 64 766), a new antipsychotic with serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 antagonistic properties. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 244, 685–693.
Javitt, D. C., & Zukin, S. R. (1991). Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1301–1308.
Jensen, N. H., Rodriguiz, R. M., Caron, M. G., et al. (2008). N-desalkylquetiapine, a potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and partial 5-HT1A agonist, as a putative mediator of quetiapine’s antidepressant activity. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 2303–2312.
Jeste, D. V., Barak, Y., Madhusoodanan, S., et al. (2003). International multisite double-blind trial of the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine in 175 elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 638–647.
John, A. P., Ko, E. K. F., & Dominic, A. (2018). Delayed initiation of clozapine continues to be a substantial clinical concern. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63, 526–531.
Johnson, K. C., Laprairie, J. L., Brennan, P. A., et al. (2012). Prenatal antipsychotic exposure and neuromotor performance during infancy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 787–794.
Jolley, A. G., & Hirsch, S. R. (1993). Continuous versus intermittent neuroleptic therapy in schizophrenia. Drug Safety, 8, 331–339.
Jolley, A. G., Hirsch, S. R., Morrison, E., et al. (1990). Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: Clinical and social outcome at two years. BMJ, 301, 837–842.
Jones, P. B., Barnes, T. R., Davies, L., et al. (2006). Randomized controlled trial of the effect on quality of life of second- vs first-generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Cost utility of the latest antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia study (CUtLASS 1). Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1079–1087.
Juruena, M. F., De Sena, E. P., & De Oliveira, I. R. (2011). Sertindole in the management of schizophrenia. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease, 3, 75–85.
Kahn, R. S., Fleischhacker, W. W., Boter, H., et al. (2008). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: An open randomised clinical trial. Lancet, 371, 1085–1097.
Kane, J. M., Rifkin, A., Woerner, M., et al. (1983). Low-dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. I. Preliminary results for relapse rates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 893–896.
Kane, J., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., et al. (1988). Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 789–796.
Kane, J., Canas, F., Kramer, M., et al. (2007). Treatment of schizophrenia with paliperidone extended-release tablets: A 6-week placebo-controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 90, 147–161.
Kane, J. M., Schooler, N. R., Marcy, P., et al. (2020). Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics vs usual care on time to first hospitalization in early-phase schizophrenia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 1–8.
Kantrowitz, J. T., Grinband, J., Goff, D. C., et al. (2020). Proof of mechanism and target engagement of glutamatergic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: RCTs of pomaglumetad and TS-134 on ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms and pharmacoBOLD in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 45, 1842–1850.
Kapur, S., & Remington, G. (2001). Dopamine D(2) receptors and their role in atypical antipsychotic action: Still necessary and may even be sufficient. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 873–883.
Kapur, S., & Seeman, P. (2001). Does fast dissociation from the dopamine d(2) receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: A new hypothesis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 360–369.
Kapur, S., Zipursky, R. B., Remington, G., et al. (1998). 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of olanzapine in schizophrenia: A PET investigation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 921–928.
Kapur, S., Zipursky, R. B., & Remington, G. (1999). Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 286–293.
Kapur, S., Zipursky, R., Jones, C., et al. (2000a). Relationship between dopamine D(2) occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: A double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 514–520.
Kapur, S., Zipursky, R., Jones, C., et al. (2000b). A positron emission tomography study of quetiapine in schizophrenia: A preliminary finding of an antipsychotic effect with only transiently high dopamine D2 receptor occupancy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 553–559.
Karam, C. S., Ballon, J. S., Bivens, N. M., et al. (2010). Signaling pathways in schizophrenia: Emerging targets and therapeutic strategies. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 31, 381–390.
Kato, T., Hirose, A., Ohno, Y., et al. (1990). Binding profile of SM-9018, a novel antipsychotic candidate. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 54, 478–481.
Keefe, R. S., Seidman, L. J., Christensen, B. K., et al. (2004). Comparative effect of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first-episode psychosis: A randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus low doses of haloperidol. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 985–995.
Keefe, R. S., Eesley, C. E., & Poe, M. P. (2005). Defining a cognitive function decrement in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 688–691.
Keefe, R. S., Bilder, R. M., Davis, S. M., et al. (2007). Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 633–647.
Kelly, D. L., Powell, M. M., Wehring, H. J., et al. (2018). Adjunct aripiprazole reduces prolactin and prolactin-related adverse effects in premenopausal women with psychosis: Results from the DAAMSEL clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 38, 317–326.
Kennedy, J. S., Jeste, D., Kaiser, C. J., et al. (2003). Olanzapine vs haloperidol in geriatric schizophrenia: Analysis of data from a double-blind controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 1013–1020.
Kikuchi, T., Tottori, K., Uwahodo, Y., et al. (1995). 7-(4-[4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (OPC-14597), a new putative antipsychotic drug with both presynaptic dopamine autoreceptor agonistic activity and postsynaptic D2 receptor antagonistic activity. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 274, 329–336.
Kim, E., Howes, O. D., Kim, B. H., et al. (2012). Predicting brain occupancy from plasma levels using PET: Superiority of combining pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics while modeling the relationship. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 32, 759–768.
Kim, S., Kim, S., Koh, M., Choi, G., Kim, J. J., Paik, I. H., Kim, S. H., Choi, Y. S., Lee, Y., Suh, J., Takeuchi, H., Uchida, H., & Kim, E. (2021). Effects of Long-Acting Injectable Paliperidone Palmitate on Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Patients With Schizophrenia Based on Illness Duration. J Clin Psychiatry, 82(1), 20m13446. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20m13446. PMID: 33434958
Kirkpatrick, B., Fenton, W. S., Carpenter, W. T., Jr., et al. (2006). The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 214–219.
Kishimoto, T., Hagi, K., Nitta, M., et al. (2018). Effectiveness of long-acting injectable vs oral antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of prospective and retrospective cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44, 603–619.
Koblan, K. S., Kent, J., Hopkins, S. C., Krystal, J. H., Cheng, H., Goldman, R., & Loebel, A. (2020). A non-D2-receptor-binding drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), 1497–1506.
Koizumi, T., Uchida, H., Suzuki, T., et al. (2013). Oversight of constipation in inpatients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35, 649–652.
Kontkanen, O., Törönen, P., Lakso, M., et al. (2002). Antipsychotic drug treatment induces differential gene expression in the rat cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry, 83, 1043–1053.
Krause, M., Huhn, M., Schneider-Thoma, J., et al. (2019). Efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use. A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 32–45.
Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Seibyl, J. P., et al. (1994). Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 199–214.
Kucukgoncu, S., Guloksuz, S., Celik, K., et al. (2020). Antipsychotic exposure in pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46, 311–318.
Lang, K., Meyers, J. L., Korn, J. R., et al. (2010). Medication adherence and hospitalization among patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics. Psychiatric Services, 61, 1239–1247.
Lao, K. S. J., Zhao, J., Blais, J. E., et al. (2020). Antipsychotics and risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A population-based cohort and case-crossover study. CNS Drugs, 34, 1165–1175.
Lewis, S. W., Barnes, T. R., Davies, L., et al. (2006a). Randomized controlled trial of effect of prescription of clozapine versus other second-generation antipsychotic drugs in resistant schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 715–723.
Lewis, S. W., Davies, L., Jones, P. B., et al. (2006b). Randomised controlled trials of conventional antipsychotic versus new atypical drugs, and new atypical drugs versus clozapine, in people with schizophrenia responding poorly to, or intolerant of, current drug treatment. Health Technology Assessment, 10, iii–iv, ix–xi, 1–165.
Lieberman, J. A. (1993). Understanding the mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. A review of compounds in use and development. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, 22, 7–18. Erratum in: Br J Psychiatry 1994 May;164:709. PMID: 7906527.
Lieberman, J. A. (1999). Pathophysiologic mechanisms in the pathogenesis and clinical course of schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(Suppl 12), 9–12.
Lieberman, J. A. (2004). Dopamine partial agonists: A new class of antipsychotic. CNS Drugs, 18, 251–267.
Lieberman, J. A., Kane, J. M., & Johns, C. A. (1989). Clozapine: Guidelines for clinical management. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50, 329–338.
Lieberman, J. A., Perkins, D., Belger, A., et al. (2001). The early stages of schizophrenia: Speculations on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 884–897.
Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., Mcevoy, J. P., et al. (2005a). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1209–1223.
Lieberman, J. A., Tollefson, G. D., Charles, C., et al. (2005b). Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 361–370.
Lieberman, J. A., Davis, R. E., Correll, C. U., et al. (2016). ITI-007 for the treatment of schizophrenia: A 4-week randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 79, 952–961.
Loy, J. H., Merry, S. N., Hetrick, S. E., et al. (2017). Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, Cd008559.
Lu, L., Dong, M., Zhang, L., et al. (2019). Prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e39.
Luby, E. D., Gottlieb, J. S., Cohen, B. D., et al. (1962). Model psychoses and schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 61–67.
Lucas, G., & Spampinato, U. (2000). Role of striatal serotonin2A and serotonin2C receptor subtypes in the control of in vivo dopamine outflow in the rat striatum. Journal of Neurochemistry, 74, 693–701.
Lyne, J., Joober, R., Schmitz, N., et al. (2017). Duration of active psychosis and first-episode psychosis negative symptoms. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11, 63–71.
Malhotra, A. K., Zhang, J. P., & Lencz, T. (2012). Pharmacogenetics in psychiatry: Translating research into clinical practice. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 760–769.
Malik, P., Kemmler, G., Hummer, M., et al. (2011). Sexual dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia patients: Results from European First Episode Schizophrenia Trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31, 274–280.
Mamo, D., Kapur, S., Shammi, C. M., et al. (2004). A PET study of dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia treated with therapeutic doses of ziprasidone. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 818–825.
Mamo, D., Graff, A., Mizrahi, R., et al. (2007). Differential effects of aripiprazole on D(2), 5-HT(2), and 5-HT(1A) receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia: A triple tracer PET study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1411–1417.
Mamo, D. C., Uchida, H., Vitcu, I., et al. (2008). Quetiapine extended-release versus immediate-release formulation: A positron emission tomography study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 81–86.
Marder, S. R., & Meibach, R. C. (1994). Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 825–835.
Marder, S. R., Essock, S. M., Miller, A. L., et al. (2004). Physical health monitoring of patients with schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1334–1349.
Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., et al. (2005). Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: A systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 975–983.
Marwick, K. F., Taylor, M., & Walker, S. W. (2012). Antipsychotics and abnormal liver function tests: Systematic review. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35, 244–253.
Masi, G., Mucci, M., & Pari, C. (2006). Children with schizophrenia: Clinical picture and pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs, 20, 841–866.
Matosin, N., Fernandez-Enright, F., Lum, J. S., et al. (2016). Molecular evidence of synaptic pathology in the CA1 region in schizophrenia. NPJ Schizophrenia, 2, 16022.
Matsui, K., Tokumasu, T., Takekita, Y., et al. (2019). Switching to antipsychotic monotherapy vs. staying on antipsychotic polypharmacy in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 209, 50–57.
Mauri, M. C., Paletta, S., Maffini, M., et al. (2014). Clinical pharmacology of atypical antipsychotics: An update. EXCLI Journal, 13, 1163–1191.
Mcnaught, K. S., & Mink, J. W. (2011). Advances in understanding and treatment of Tourette syndrome. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 7, 667–676.
Meltzer, H. Y. (2012). Clozapine: Balancing safety with superior antipsychotic efficacy. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 6, 134–144.
Meltzer, H. Y., & Massey, B. W. (2011). The role of serotonin receptors in the action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 11, 59–67.
Meltzer, H. Y., Matsubara, S., & Lee, J. C. (1989). Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin2 pKi values. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 251, 238–246.
Meltzer, H. Y., Alphs, L., Green, A. I., et al. (2003). Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 82–91.
Meltzer, H. Y., Bobo, W. V., Roy, A., et al. (2008). A randomized, double-blind comparison of clozapine and high-dose olanzapine in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 274–285.
Merritt, K., Egerton, A., Kempton, M. J., et al. (2016). Nature of glutamate alterations in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 665–674.
Meyer, J. M., Loebel, A. D., & Schweizer, E. (2009). Lurasidone: A new drug in development for schizophrenia. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 18, 1715–1726.
Miller, C. H., & Fleischhacker, W. W. (2000). Managing antipsychotic-induced acute and chronic akathisia. Drug Safety, 22, 73–81.
Miller, T. J., Mcglashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., et al. (2002). Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes: Preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 863–865.
Misawa, F., Kishimoto, T., Hagi, K., et al. (2016). Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophrenia Research, 176, 220–230.
Mishara, A. L., & Goldberg, T. E. (2004). A meta-analysis and critical review of the effects of conventional neuroleptic treatment on cognition in schizophrenia: Opening a closed book. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 1013–1022.
Miyamoto, S., Miyake, N., Jarskog, L. F., et al. (2012). Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: A critical review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of current and future therapeutic agents. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 1206–1227.
Miyazaki, T., Nakajima, W., Hatano, M., et al. (2020). Visualization of AMPA receptors in living human brain with positron emission tomography. Nature Medicine, 26, 281–288.
Mizuno, Y., Suzuki, T., Nakagawa, A., et al. (2014). Pharmacological strategies to counteract antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic adverse effects in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 1385–1403.
Möller, H. J. (1993). Neuroleptic treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Efficacy problems and methodological difficulties. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 3, 1–11.
Morken, G., Widen, J. H., & Grawe, R. W. (2008). Non-adherence to antipsychotic medication, relapse and rehospitalisation in recent-onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 32.
Mortensen, J. T., Olsen, J., Larsen, H., et al. (2003). Psychomotor development in children exposed in utero to benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and anti-epileptics. European Journal of Epidemiology, 18, 769–771.
Murphy, B. P., Chung, Y. C., Park, T. W., et al. (2006). Pharmacological treatment of primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 88, 5–25.
Myles, N., Myles, H., Xia, S., et al. (2018). Meta-analysis examining the epidemiology of clozapine-associated neutropenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138, 101–109.
Myles, N., Myles, H., Xia, S., et al. (2019). A meta-analysis of controlled studies comparing the association between clozapine and other antipsychotic medications and the development of neutropenia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 403–412.
Needham, P. L., Atkinson, J., Skill, M. J., et al. (1996). Zotepine: Preclinical tests predict antipsychotic efficacy and an atypical profile. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 32, 123–128.
Newcomer, J. W. (2007). Antipsychotic medications: Metabolic and cardiovascular risk. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(Suppl 4), 8–13.
Ng, W., Uchida, H., Ismail, Z., et al. (2009). Clozapine exposure and the impact of smoking and gender: A population pharmacokinetic study. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 31, 360–366.
Nielsen, R. E., Levander, S., Kjaersdam Telléus, G., et al. (2015). Second-generation antipsychotic effect on cognition in patients with schizophrenia – A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 131, 185–196.
Nierenberg, A. A., McElroy, S. L., Friedman, E. S., Ketter, T. A., Shelton, R. C., Deckersbach, T., McInnis, M. G., Bowden, C. L., Tohen, M., Kocsis, J. H., Calabrese, J. R., Kinrys, G., Bobo, W. V., Singh, V., Kamali, M., Kemp, D., Brody, B., Reilly-Harrington, N. A., Sylvia, L. G., Shesler, L. W., Bernstein, E. E., Schoenfeld, D., Rabideau, D. J., Leon, A. C., Faraone, S., & Thase, M. E. (2016 Jan). Bipolar CHOICE (Clinical Health Outcomes Initiative in Comparative Effectiveness): A pragmatic 6-month trial of lithium versus quetiapine for bipolar disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(1), 90–99.
Nikiforuk, A., & Popik, P. (2013). Amisulpride promotes cognitive flexibility in rats: The role of 5-HT7 receptors. Behavioural Brain Research, 248, 136–140.
Nilsson, E., Lichtenstein, P., Cnattingius, S., et al. (2002). Women with schizophrenia: Pregnancy outcome and infant death among their offspring. Schizophrenia Research, 58, 221–229.
Ohoyama, K., Yamamura, S., Hamaguchi, T., et al. (2011). Effect of novel atypical antipsychotic, blonanserin, on extracellular neurotransmitter level in rat prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Pharmacology, 653, 47–57.
Oliver, D., Davies, C., Crossland, G., et al. (2018). Can we reduce the duration of untreated psychosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled interventional studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44, 1362–1372.
Onrust, S. V., & Mcclellan, K. (2001). Perospirone. CNS Drugs, 15, 329–337. discussion 338.
Ortiz-Orendain, J., Castiello-De Obeso, S., Colunga-Lozano, L. E., et al. (2017). Antipsychotic combinations for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, Cd009005.
Osser, D. N., Roudsari, M. J., & Manschreck, T. (2013). The psychopharmacology algorithm project at the Harvard South Shore Program: An update on schizophrenia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 21, 18–40.
Ozasa, R., Okada, T., Nadanaka, S., Nagamine, T., Zyryanova, A., Harding, H., Ron, D., & Mori, K. (2013). The antipsychotic olanzapine induces apoptosis in insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells by blocking PERK-mediated translational attenuation. Cell Structure and Function, 38(2), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1247/csf.13012. Epub 2013 Jun 28. Erratum in: Cell Structure and Function. 2013;38(2):227. Erratum in: Cell Structure and Function. 2014;39(1):21.
Ozawa, C., Bies, R. R., Pillai, N., et al. (2019). Model-guided antipsychotic dose reduction in schizophrenia: A pilot, single-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 39, 329–335.
Pacchiarotti, I., Anmella, G., Colomer, L., et al. (2020). How to treat mania. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142, 173–192.
Pagsberg, A. K., Tarp, S., Glintborg, D., et al. (2017). Acute antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia-Spectrum disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 191–202.
Pakzad-Vaezi, K. L., Etminan, M., & Mikelberg, F. S. (2013). The association between cataract surgery and atypical antipsychotic use: A nested case-control study. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 156, 1141–1146.e1.
Pantelis, C., Velakoulis, D., Mcgorry, P. D., et al. (2003). Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: A cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet, 361, 281–288.
Papakostas, G. I., Vitolo, O. V., Ishak, W. W., et al. (2012). A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sequential parallel comparison trial of ziprasidone as monotherapy for major depressive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 1541–1547.
Pardo-De-Santayana, G., Vázquez-Bourgon, J., Gómez-Revuelta, M., et al. (2020). Duration of active psychosis during early phases of the illness and functional outcome: The PAFIP 10-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 220, 240–247.
Patteet, L., Morrens, M., Maudens, K. E., et al. (2012). Therapeutic drug monitoring of common antipsychotics. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 34, 629–651.
Perkins, D. O., Gu, H., Boteva, K., et al. (2005). Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: A critical review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1785–1804.
Peters, L., Krogmann, A., Von Hardenberg, L., et al. (2019). Long-acting injections in schizophrenia: A 3-year update on randomized controlled trials published January 2016–March 2019. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21, 124.
Petrides, G., Malur, C., Braga, R. J., et al. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: A prospective, randomized study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 52–58.
Pillinger, T., Mccutcheon, R. A., Vano, L., et al. (2020). Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 64–77.
Poels, E. M. P., Schrijver, L., Kamperman, A. M., et al. (2018). Long-term neurodevelopmental consequences of intrauterine exposure to lithium and antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 1209–1230.
Potkin, S. G., Keator, D. B., Kesler-West, M. L., et al. (2014). D2 receptor occupancy following lurasidone treatment in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. CNS Spectrums, 19, 176–181.
Pottegård, A., Lash, T. L., Cronin-Fenton, D., et al. (2018). Use of antipsychotics and risk of breast cancer: A Danish nationwide case-control study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84, 2152–2161.
Pringsheim, T., Hirsch, L., Gardner, D., et al. (2015). The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: Antipsychotics and traditional mood stabilizers. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 52–61.
Pringsheim, T., Holler-Managan, Y., Okun, M. S., et al. (2019). Comprehensive systematic review summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology, 92, 907–915.
Quinn, N., & Marsden, C. D. (1984). A double blind trial of sulpiride in Huntington’s disease and tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 47, 844–847.
Raedler, T. J., Knable, M. B., Jones, D. W., et al. (2000). In vivo olanzapine occupancy of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 56–68.
Rajji, T. K., & Mulsant, B. H. (2008). Nature and course of cognitive function in late-life schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 102, 122–140.
Rauch, A. S., & Fleischhacker, W. W. (2013). Long-acting injectable formulations of new-generation antipsychotics: A review from a clinical perspective. CNS Drugs, 27, 637–652.
Ray, W. A., Chung, C. P., Murray, K. T., et al. (2009a). Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 225–235.
Ray, W. A., Chung, C. P., Murray, K. T., et al. (2009b). Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 225–235.
Remington, G., & Kapur, S. (2010). Antipsychotic dosing: How much but also how often? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 900–903.
Remschmidt, H., & Theisen, F. (2012). Early-onset schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology, 66, 63–69.
Riecher-Rössler, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Pflueger, M. O., et al. (2013). Hyperprolactinemia in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 43, 2571–2582.
Rosenheck, R. A., Leslie, D. L., Sindelar, J., et al. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 2080–2089.
Sahli, Z. T., & Tarazi, F. I. (2018). Pimavanserin: Novel pharmacotherapy for Parkinson’s disease psychosis. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 13, 103–110.
Sakurai, H., Bies, R., Stroup, S., et al. (2012). Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and cognition in schizophrenia: Analysis of the CATIE data. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 564–574.
Sakurai, H., Bies, R. R., Stroup, S. T., et al. (2013). Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and cognition in schizophrenia: Analysis of the CATIE data. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 564–574.
Sakurai, H., Suzuki, T., Bies, R. R., et al. (2016). Increasing versus maintaining the dose of olanzapine or risperidone in schizophrenia patients who did not respond to a modest dosage: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77, 1381–1390.
Sakurai, H., Uchida, H., Kato, M., et al. (2020). Pharmacological management of depression: Japanese expert consensus. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 626–632.
Sakurai, H., Yasui-Furukori, N., Suzuki, T., Uchida, H., Baba, H., Watanabe, K., Inada, K., Kikuchi, Y. S., Kikuchi, T., Katsuki, A., Kishida, I., & Kato, M. (2021). Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia: Japanese Expert Consensus. Pharmacopsychiatry, 54(2), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1324-3517. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33434943; PMCID: PMC7946533.
Samaha, A. N., Reckless, G. E., Seeman, P., et al. (2008). Less is more: Antipsychotic drug effects are greater with transient rather than continuous delivery. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 145–152.
Sanchez, C., Arnt, J., Dragsted, N., et al. (1991). Neurochemical and in vivo pharmacological profile of sertindole, a limbic-selective neuroleptic compound. Drug Development Research, 22, 239–250.
Scatton, B., Claustre, Y., Cudennec, A., et al. (1997). Amisulpride: From animal pharmacology to therapeutic action. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12(Suppl 2), S29–S36.
Schneeweiss, S., & Avorn, J. (2009). Antipsychotic agents and sudden cardiac death – How should we manage the risk? New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 295–296.
Schneider, L. S., Dagerman, K. S., & Insel, P. (2005). Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: Meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA, 294, 1934–1943.
Schneider, L. S., Tariot, P. N., Dagerman, K. S., et al. (2006). Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 1525–1538.
Schneider, M., Regente, J., Greiner, T., et al. (2020). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Evaluation of drug safety data from the AMSP program during 1993-2015. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270, 23–33.
Schobel, S. A., Chaudhury, N. H., Khan, U. A., et al. (2013). Imaging patients with psychosis and a mouse model establishes a spreading pattern of hippocampal dysfunction and implicates glutamate as a driver. Neuron, 78, 81–93.
Schoemaker, H., Claustre, Y., Fage, D., et al. (1997). Neurochemical characteristics of amisulpride, an atypical dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist with both presynaptic and limbic selectivity. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 280, 83–97.
Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C., Kuhlwilm, L., Cronemeyer, M., et al. (2020). Treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome in international therapy guidelines: A comparative analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry, 53, 51–59.
Schooler, N. R. (1991). Maintenance medication for schizophrenia: Strategies for dose reduction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 311–324.
Schotte, A., Janssen, P. F., Gommeren, W., et al. (1996). Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: In vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 124, 57–73.
Schreiner, A., Aadamsoo, K., Altamura, A. C., et al. (2015). Paliperidone palmitate versus oral antipsychotics in recently diagnosed schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 169, 393–399.
Seeman, P. (1992). Dopamine receptor sequences. Therapeutic levels of neuroleptics occupy D2 receptors, clozapine occupies D4. Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 261–284.
Seeman, P., Lee, T., Chau-Wong, M., et al. (1976). Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature, 261, 717–719.
Seppi, K., Weintraub, D., Coelho, M., et al. (2011). The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 26(Suppl 3), S42–S80.
Servonnet, A., Uchida, H., & Samaha, A. N. (2020). Continuous versus extended antipsychotic dosing in schizophrenia: Less is more. Behavioural Brain Research, 401, 113076.
Shahid, M., Walker, G. B., Zorn, S. H., et al. (2009). Asenapine: A novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 23, 65–73.
Shao, P., Ou, J., Peng, M., et al. (2015). Effects of clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics on infants development who were exposed to as fetus: A post-hoc analysis. PLoS One, 10, e0123373.
Shapiro, D. A., Renock, S., Arrington, E., et al. (2003). Aripiprazole, a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique and robust pharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1400–1411.
Sharif, Z., Miyamoto, S., & Lieberman, J. A. (2007). Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. In D. R. Sibley, I. Hanin, M. Kuhar, & P. Skolnick (Eds.), Handbook of contemporary neuropharmacology. Wiley.
Shobo, M., Kondo, Y., Yamada, H., et al. (2010). Norzotepine, a major metabolite of zotepine, exerts atypical antipsychotic-like and antidepressant-like actions through its potent inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 333, 772–781.
Siskind, D., Siskind, V., & Kisely, S. (2017). Clozapine response rates among people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Data from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 772–777.
Siskind, D. J., Lee, M., Ravindran, A., et al. (2018). Augmentation strategies for clozapine refractory schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 751–767.
Siskind, D., Sidhu, A., Cross, J., et al. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of rates of clozapine-associated myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 467–481.
Sleem, A., & El-Mallakh, R. S. (2021). Advances in the psychopharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder type I. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 22(10), 1267–1290.
Snyder, G. L., Vanover, K. E., Zhu, H., et al. (2015). Functional profile of a novel modulator of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmission. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 232, 605–621.
Spina, E., & De Leon, J. (2007). Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: A comparative review. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 100, 4–22.
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Storebø, O. J., Pereira Ribeiro, J., Kongerslev, M. T., Völlm, B. A., Mattivi, J. T., Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Jørgensen, M. S., Callesen, H. E., Sales, C. P., Schaug, J. P., Simonsen, E, & Lieb, K. (2022). Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11(11), CD012956. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012956.pub2. PMID: 36375174; PMCID: PMC9662763.
Strawn, J. R., Keck, P. E., Jr., & Caroff, S. N. (2007). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 870–876.
Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., et al. (2015). The prevalence and predictors of type two diabetes mellitus in people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and comparative meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132, 144–157.
Suppes, T., Silva, R., Cucchiaro, J., et al. (2016). Lurasidone for the treatment of major depressive disorder with mixed features: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 400–407.
Sur, C., Mallorga, P. J., Wittmann, M., et al. (2003). N-desmethylclozapine, an allosteric agonist at muscarinic 1 receptor, potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 13674–13679.
Suzuki, T., Graff-Guerrero, A., Uchida, H., et al. (2013). Dopamine D2/3 occupancy of ziprasidone across a day: A within-subject PET study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 228, 43–51.
Swartz, M. S., Perkins, D. O., Stroup, T. S., et al. (2007). Effects of antipsychotic medications on psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: Findings from the NIMH CATIE study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 428–436.
Takeuchi, H., Siu, C., Remington, G., et al. (2019). Does relapse contribute to treatment resistance? Antipsychotic response in first- vs. second-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44, 1036–1042.
Takeuchi, H., Mackenzie, N. E., Samaroo, D., et al. (2020). Antipsychotic dose in acute schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46, 1439–1458.
Tateno, A., Arakawa, R., Okumura, M., et al. (2013). Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by a novel antipsychotic, blonanserin: A PET study with [11C]raclopride and [11C]FLB 457 in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 33, 162–169.
Taylor, D. (2017). Choice of antipsychotic to treat first-episode schizophrenia. Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 653–654.
Tenjin, T., Miyamoto, S., Ninomiya, Y., et al. (2013). Profile of blonanserin for the treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 587–594.
Terrana, N., Koren, G., Pivovarov, J., et al. (2015). Pregnancy outcomes following in utero exposure to second-generation antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35, 559–565.
Tiihonen, J., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Majak, M., et al. (2017). Real-world effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a Nationwide cohort of 29 823 patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 686–693.
Tiihonen, J., Taipale, H., Mehtälä, J., et al. (2019). Association of antipsychotic polypharmacy vs monotherapy with psychiatric rehospitalization among adults with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry, 76, 499–507.
Tollefson, G. D., & Sanger, T. M. (1997). Negative symptoms: A path analytic approach to a double-blind, placebo- and haloperidol-controlled clinical trial with olanzapine. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 466–474.
Turrone, P., Remington, G., Kapur, S., et al. (2005). Continuous but not intermittent olanzapine infusion induces vacuous chewing movements in rats. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 406–411.
Uchida, H., Suzuki, T., Tanaka, K. F., et al. (2003). Recurrent episodes of perceptual alteration in patients treated with antipsychotic agents. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 496–499.
Uchida, H., Mamo, D. C., Kapur, S., et al. (2008). Monthly administration of long-acting injectable risperidone and striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy for the management of schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1281–1286.
Uchida, H., Mamo, D. C., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2009a). Increased antipsychotic sensitivity in elderly patients: Evidence and mechanisms. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 397–405.
Uchida, H., Pollock, B. G., Bies, R. R., et al. (2009b). Predicting age-specific dosing of antipsychotics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 86, 360–362.
Uchida, H., Rajji, T. K., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2009c). D2 receptor blockade by risperidone correlates with attention deficits in late-life schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29, 571–575.
Uchida, H., Suzuki, T., Takeuchi, H., et al. (2011a). Low dose vs standard dose of antipsychotics for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 788–799.
Uchida, H., Takeuchi, H., Graff-Guerrero, A., et al. (2011b). Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and clinical effects: A systematic review and pooled analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31, 497–502.
Uchida, H., Suzuki, T., Graff-Guerrero, A., et al. (2014). Therapeutic window for striatal dopamine D(2/3) receptor occupancy in older patients with schizophrenia: A pilot PET study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 1007–1016.
Une, T., & Kurumiya, S. (2007). Pharmacological profile of blonanserin. Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 1263–1272.
Van Beijsterveldt, L. E., Geerts, R. J., Leysen, J. E., et al. (1994). Regional brain distribution of risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxy-risperidone in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 114, 53–62.
Van Erp, T. G. M., Walton, E., Hibar, D. P., et al. (2018). Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the enhancing neuro imaging genetics through meta analysis (ENIGMA) consortium. Biological Psychiatry, 84, 644–654.
Van Harten, P. N., Hoek, H. W., & Kahn, R. S. (1999). Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment. BMJ, 319, 623–626.
Van Vugt, J. P., Siesling, S., Vergeer, M., et al. (1997). Clozapine versus placebo in Huntington’s disease: A double blind randomised comparative study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 63, 35–39.
Vanover, K. E., Davis, R. E., Zhou, Y., Ye, W., Brašic, J. R., Gapasin, L., Saillard, J., Weingart, M., Litman, R. E., Mates, S., & Wong, D. F. (2019). Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy of lumateperone (ITI-007): A Positron Emission Tomography Study in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(3), 598–605.
Vermeulen, J. M., Van Rooijen, G., Van De Kerkhof, M. P. J., et al. (2019). Clozapine and long-term mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies lasting 1.1–12.5 years. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45, 315–329.
Vernaleken, I., Fellows, C., Janouschek, H., et al. (2008). Striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3-receptor-binding properties of ziprasidone: A positron emission tomography study with [18F]Fallypride and [11C]raclopride (D2/D3-receptor occupancy of ziprasidone). Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28, 608–617.
Vincenzi, B., Borba, C. P., Gray, D. A., et al. (2013). An exploratory study examining lipid-lowering medications in reducing fasting serum lipids in schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 25, 141–148.
Volavka, J., Van Dorn, R. A., Citrome, L., et al. (2016). Hostility in schizophrenia: An integrated analysis of the combined Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and the European First Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST) studies. European Psychiatry, 31, 13–19.
Vyas, P., Hwang, B. J., & Brašić, J. R. (2020). An evaluation of lumateperone tosylate for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 21, 139–145.
Wang, S. M., Han, C., Lee, S. J., et al. (2013). Asenapine, blonanserin, iloperidone, lurasidone, and sertindole: Distinctive clinical characteristics of 5 novel atypical antipsychotics. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 36, 223–238.
Kruizinga, J., Liemburg, E., Burger, H., Cipriani, A., Geddes, J., Robertson, L., Vogelaar, B., & Nolen, W. A. (2021). Pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12(12), CD004044. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004044.pub5. PMID: 34875106; PMCID: PMC8651069.
Williams, A. M., & Park, S. H. (2015). Seizure associated with clozapine: Incidence, etiology, and management. CNS Drugs, 29, 101–111.
Woodward, N. D., Purdon, S. E., Meltzer, H. Y., et al. (2005). A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophrenia. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8, 457–472.
Wu, R. R., Jin, H., Gao, K., et al. (2012). Metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced amenorrhea and weight gain in women with first-episode schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 813–821.
Wyatt, R. J. (1991). Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 325–351.
Xiberas, X., Martinot, J. L., Mallet, L., et al. (2001). In vivo extrastriatal and striatal D2 dopamine receptor blockade by amisulpride in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 207–214.
Yaegashi, H., Kirino, S., Remington, G., et al. (2020). Adherence to Oral antipsychotics measured by electronic adherence monitoring in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs, 34, 579–598.
Yaeger, D., Smith, H. G., & Altshuler, L. L. (2006). Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia during pregnancy and the postpartum. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 2064–2070.
Yildiz, A., Nikodem, M., Vieta, E., et al. (2015). A network meta-analysis on comparative efficacy and all-cause discontinuation of antimanic treatments in acute bipolar mania. Psychological Medicine, 45, 299–317.
Yoshida, K., & Müller, D. J. (2020). Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic drug treatment: Update and clinical implications. Molecular Neuropsychiatry, 5, 1–26.
Yung, A. R., & Mcgorry, P. D. (1996). The initial prodrome in psychosis: Descriptive and qualitative aspects. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 587–599.
Yunusa, I., Alsumali, A., Garba, A. E., et al. (2019). Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A network meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 2, e190828.
Zhu, Y., Krause, M., Huhn, M., et al. (2017). Antipsychotic drugs for the acute treatment of patients with a first episode of schizophrenia: A systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses. Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 694–705.
Zohar, J., Stahl, S., Moller, H. J., et al. (2015). A review of the current nomenclature for psychotropic agents and an introduction to the Neuroscience-based Nomenclature. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 2318–2325.
Conflict of Interest Statements
Dr. Uchida has received grants from Eisai, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma, and Meiji-Seika Pharma; speaker’s honoraria from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma, Eisai, and Meiji-Seika Pharma; and advisory panel payments from Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma within the past 3 years.
Dr. Euitae Kim has received grants from Otsuka and participated in advisory/speaker meetings organized by Janssen, Otsuka, and Bukwang Pharm Company.
Dr. Jarskog has received grant support from Boeringer Ingelheim, Otsuka, and Corcept, and has consulted for Signant Health and UpToDate within the past 3 years.
Dr. Fleischhacker has received research grants from Lundbeck and Otsuka. He has received honoraria for educational programs from Janssen, Richter, and Recordati, and advisory board honoraria from Angelini, Otsuka, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Dainippon/Sumitomo.
Dr. Remington has received research and advisory board support from HLS Therapeutics, as well as consultant fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation.
Dr. Lieberman neither accepts nor receives any personal financial remuneration for consulting, speaking, or research activities from any pharmaceutical, biotechnology, or medical device companies. He receives support administered through Columbia University and the Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene in the form of funding and medication supplies for investigator initiated research from Denovo, Taisho, Sunovion, and Genentech, and for company sponsored Phase II, III, and IV studies from Alkermes, Allergan, and Boehringer Ingelheim. However, none of this research support contributes to his institutional compensation. He is a consultant to or member of the advisory board of Intracellular Therapies, Lilly, Pierre Fabre, Pear Therapeutics, and Gilgamesh Therapeutics for which he receives no remuneration. He is a paid consultant for Signant, a clinical research services organization, and holds a patent from Repligen that neither has nor currently yields any royalties.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Uchida, H., Kim, E., Jarskog, L.F., Fleischhacker, W.W., Remington, G., Lieberman, J.A. (2023). Medications for Psychosis: Dopamine Blockers and Dopamine Partial Agonists (Antipsychotics). In: Tasman, A., et al. Tasman’s Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_134-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_134-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42825-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42825-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine