Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Noninfectious Orbital Inflammations

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology

  • 91 Accesses

Abstract

Noninfectious orbital inflammation represents a wide variety of disease including idiopathic orbital inflammation or orbital pseudotumor, sarcoidosis, vasculidities, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, giant-cell arteritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, IgG4-related ophthalmic disease, and others. The cardinal signs and symptoms of orbital inflammation include swelling, erythema, pain, and possibly loss of function. The tempo of the disease is typically acute, often having onset over just a few days. Additionally, response to appropriate therapy is generally rapid although the process may be recurrent and can become chronic. Orbital inflammation can be a manifestation of a systemic process. Clinicians should maintain a high degree of vigilance for systemic disease and biopsy as appropriate. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy; however, there is a role for immunosuppression and judicious use of biologic agents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 5,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 6,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Duke-Elder S. System of ophthalmology. London: Henry Kimpton; 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Birch-Hirschfeld A. Zur diagnose und pathologie der orbital tumoren. Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges. 1905;32:127.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rootman J. Why “orbital pseudotumour” is no longer a useful concept. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:339–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Coop ME. Pseudotumor of the orbit: a clinical and pathologic study of 47 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1961;45:513.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Jellinek EH. The orbital pseudotumour syndrome and its differentiation from endocrine exophthalmos. Brain. 1969;92:35–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Blodi FC, Gass JD. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1967;71:303–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chavis RM, Garner A, Wright JE. Inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:1817–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mombaerts I, Bilyk JR, Rose GE, et al. Consensus on diagnostic criteria of idiopathic orbital inflammation using a modified Delphi approach. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135:769–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Henderson JW, et al. Orbital tumors. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 1–448.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Jakobiec FA, Jones IS. Orbital inflammations. In: Duane TD, editor. Clinical ophthalmology. Hagerstown: Harper and Row; 1989. p. 1–75.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kennerdell JS, Dresner SC. The nonspecific orbital inflammatory syndromes. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;29:93–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jakobiec FA. Lymphoid tumors. In: Spencer WH, editor. Ophthalmic pathology: an atlas and textbook. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996. p. 2686–719.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jakobiec FA, Knowles DM. An overview of ocular adnexal lymphoid tumors. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1989;87:420–42; discussion 442–444

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Knowles DM, et al. Lymphoid hyperplasia and malignant lymphoma occurring in the ocular adnexa (orbit, conjunctiva, and eyelids): a prospective multiparametric analysis of 108 cases during 1977 to 1987. Hum Pathol. 1990;21:959–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mauriello JA Jr, Flanagan JC. Pseudotumor and lymphoid tumor: distinct clinicopathologic entities. Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;34:142–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Loeffler M, Hornblass A. Lymphoid proliferative disorders of the orbit. Ophthalmol Clin N Am. 1991;4:125.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jakobiec FA. Non-infectious orbital inflammations. In: Spencer WH, editor. Ophthalmic pathology: an atlas and textbook. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996. p. 2822–43.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mombaerts I, et al. What is orbital pseudotumor? Surv Ophthalmol. 1996;41:66–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mottow LS, Jakobiec FA. Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor in childhood. I. Clinical characteristics. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:1410–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mottow-Lippa L, Jakobiec FA, Smith M. Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor in childhood. II. Results of diagnostic tests and biopsies. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:565–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Noguchi H, et al. Tissue eosinophilia and eosinophil degranulation in orbital pseudotumor. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:928–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Raskin EM, et al. Granulomatous idiopathic orbital inflammation. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;11:131–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mombaerts I, et al. Idiopathic granulomatous orbital inflammation. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:2135–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Garrity JA, et al. Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of orbital vasculitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rootman J, Robertson W, Lapointe JS. Inflammatory diseases. In: Rootman J, editor. Diseases of the orbit: a multidisciplinary approach. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1988. p. 159–79.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kennerdell JS. The management of sclerosing nonspecific orbital inflammation. Ophthalmic Surg. 1991;22:512–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fujii H, et al. Orbital pseudotumor: histopathological classification and treatment. Ophthalmologica. 1985;190:230–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Weissler MC, Miller E, Fortune MA. Sclerosing orbital pseudotumor: a unique clinicopathologic entity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989;98(7) Pt 1:496–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rootman J, et al. Idiopathic sclerosing inflammation of the orbit. A distinct clinicopathologic entity. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:570–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jakobiec FA, Lefkowitch J, Knowles DM 2nd. B- and T-lymphocytes in ocular disease. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:635–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lefebvre DR, et al. A case series and reiview of bisphosphonate-associated orbital inflammation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(2):134–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Sagiv O, et al. Extraocular muscle enlargement and thyroid eye disease-like orbital inflammation associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(1):50–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Atabay C, et al. Serum antibodies reactive with eye muscle membrane antigens are detected in patients with nonspecific orbital inflammation. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:145–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Braig RF, Romanchuk KG. Recurrence of orbital pseudotumour after 10 years. Can J Ophthalmol. 1988;23:187–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rootman J, Nugent R. The classification and management of acute orbital pseudotumors. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:1040–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bertelsen TI. Acute sclerotenonitis and ocular myositis complicated by papillitis, retinal detachment and glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1960;38:136–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Boonman ZF, et al. Orbital myositis in scleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:38–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Rush JA, Kennerdell JS, Donin JF. Acute periscleritis: a variant of idiopathic orbital inflammation. Orbit. 1982;1:221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Benson WE. Posterior scleritis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988;32:297–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rubin PA, Chen VN, Acquadro MA. Cluster headache presenting with orbital inflammation. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1996;27:143–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Allen JC, France TD. Pseudotumor of the orbit and peripheral uveitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1977;14:33–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Katz RS, Gass JD. Multiple choroidal osteomas developing in association with recurrent orbital inflammatory pseudotumor. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:1724–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Winterkorn JM, et al. Large optic nerve with central retinal artery and vein occlusions from optic neuritis/perineuritis rather than tumor. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14:157–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bernardino CR, et al. Angle-closure glaucoma in association with orbital pseudotumor. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1603–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gass JD. Retinal detachment and narrow-angle glaucoma secondary to inflammatory pseudotumor of the uveal tract. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;64(Suppl):612–21.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kurtz S, et al. Orbital pseudotumor presenting as acute glaucoma with choroidal and retinal detachment. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1993;2:61–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wilhelmus KR, Grierson I, Watson PG. Histopathologic and clinical associations of scleritis and glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;91:697–705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chaques VJ, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of posterior scleritis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1993;25:89–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Flanders AE, et al. CT characteristics of orbital pseudotumors and other orbital inflammatory processes. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989;13:40–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Quaghebeur G, et al. The incidence and relevance of bone sclerosis in orbital pseudotumour. Clin Radiol. 1996;51:123–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kenney AH, Hafner JN. Ultrasonic evidence of inflammatory thickening and fluid collection within the retrobulbar fascia: the T sign. Ann Ophthalmol. 1977;9:1557–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Moorman CM, Elston JS. Acute orbital myositis. Eye. 1995;9(Pt 1):96–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tychsen L, et al. Trochleitis with superior oblique myositis. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1075–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yanguela J, et al. Primary trochlear headache: a new cephalgia generated and modulated on the trochlear region. Neurology. 2004;62:1134–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tran TM, McClelland CM, Lee MS. Diagnosis and Management of Trochleodynia, Trochleitis, and Trochlear Headache. Front Neurol. 2019;10:361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00361. PMID: 31031693; PMCID: PMC6473032.

  56. Mannor GE, et al. Outcome of orbital myositis. Clinical features associated with recurrence. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:409–13; discussion 414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ludwig I, Tomsak RL. Acute recurrent orbital myositis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983;3:41–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Purcell JJ Jr, Taulbee WA. Orbital myositis after upper respiratory tract infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:437–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Slavin ML, Glaser JS. Idiopathic orbital myositis: report of six cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:1261–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Thurairajan G, et al. Polyarthropathy, orbital myositis and posterior scleritis: an unusual adverse reaction to influenza vaccine. Br J Rheumatol. 1997;36:120–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kawasaki A, Borruat FX. An unusual presentation of herpes zoster ophthalmicus: orbital myositis preceding vesicular eruption. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:574–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Weinstein GS, et al. Acute and subacute orbital myositis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;96:209–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bullen CL, Younge BR. Chronic orbital myositis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:1749–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Reifler DM, Leder D, Rexford T. Orbital hemorrhage and eyelid ecchymosis in acute orbital myositis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107:111–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Selva D, Dolman PJ, Rootman J. Orbital granulomatous giant cell myositis: a case report and review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;28:65–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Curtin HD. Pseudotumor. Radiol Clin N Am. 1987;25:583–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Trokel SL, Hilal SK. Submillimeter resolution CT scanning of orbital diseases. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:412–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nugent RA, et al. Acute orbital pseudotumors: classification and CT features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137:957–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cervellini P, et al. Sclerosing orbital pseudotumor. Ophthalmologica. 1986;193(1–2):39–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Abramovitz JN, et al. Sclerosing orbital pseudotumor. Neurosurgery. 1983;12:463–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Thorne JE, et al. Caught by a masquerade: sclerosing orbital inflammation. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47:50–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Edwards MK, et al. Invasive orbital pseudotumor – CT demonstration of extension beyond orbit. Neuroradiology. 1982;23:215–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kaye AH, et al. Intracranial extension of inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1984;60:625–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Frohman LP, et al. Intracranial extension and bone destruction in orbital pseudotumor. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:380–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Noble SC, Chandler WF, Lloyd RV. Intracranial extension of orbital pseudotumor: a case report. Neurosurgery. 1986;18:798–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Clifton AG, et al. Intracranial extension of orbital pseudotumour. Clin Radiol. 1992;45:23–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bencherif B, et al. Intracranial extension of an idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14:181–4.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. de Jesus O, et al. Idiopathic orbital inflammation with intracranial extension. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:510–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lai YH, et al. Bilateral orbital pseudotumor with suprasellar and pulmonary involvement: report of a case. J Neuroophthalmol. 2000;20:268–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mahr MA, Salomao DR, Garrity JA. Inflammatory orbital pseudotumor with extension beyond the orbit. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:396–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Olmos PR, et al. Fibrosing pseudotumor of the sella and parasellar area producing hypopituitarism and multiple cranial nerve palsies. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:1015–21; discussion 1021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Borruat FX, et al. Idiopathic orbital inflammation (orbital inflammatory pseudotumour): an unusual cause of transient ischaemic attack. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:88–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Hudson HL, et al. Pseudotumor associated with CNS lymphoma. J Neuroophthalmol. 1996;16:208–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Comings DE, et al. Familial multifocal fibrosclerosis. Findings suggesting that retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, Riedel’s thyroiditis, and pseudotumor of the orbit may be different manifestations of a single disease. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66:884–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Richards AB, et al. Pseudotumor of the orbit and retroperitoneal fibrosis. A form of multifocal fibrosclerosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1617–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Aylward GW, et al. Orbital involvement in multifocal fibrosclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:246–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Schonder AA, et al. Bilateral recurrent orbital inflammation associated with retroperitoneal fibrosclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69:783–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Levine MR, et al. Multifocal fibrosclerosis. Report of a case of bilateral idiopathic sclerosing pseudotumor and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:841–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Grossniklaus HE, et al. Childhood orbital pseudotumor. Ann Ophthalmol. 1985;17:372–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Reidy JJ, et al. Paranasal sinusitis, orbital abscess, and inflammatory tumors of the orbit. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18:363–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Eshaghian J, Anderson RL. Sinus involvement in inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:627–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bussone G, LaMantia L, Parati EA. Orbital pseudotumor, chronic sinusitis, and idiopathic paraproteinemia. Orbit. 1984;3:115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Pillai P, Saini JS. Bilateral sino-orbital pseudotumour. Can J Ophthalmol. 1988;23:177–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Weisberger EC, et al. Otolaryngologists’ role in diagnosis and treatment of orbital pseudotumor. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1985;93:536–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Newman NM, et al. Bilateral optic neuropathy and osteolytic sinusitis. Complications of cocaine abuse. JAMA. 1988;259:72–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Goldberg RA, et al. Orbital inflammation and optic neuropathies associated with chronic sinusitis of intranasal cocaine abuse. Possible role of contiguous inflammation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:831–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Berger JW, Rubin PA, Jakobiec FA. Pediatric orbital pseudotumor: case report and review of the literature. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1996;36:161–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hattori H, et al. An infant with idiopathic orbital myositis poorly responsive to steroid therapy: a case report. Brain and Development. 2005;27:160–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Bloom JN, Graviss ER, Byrne BJ. Orbital pseudotumor in the differential diagnosis of pediatric uveitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1992;29:59–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Linberg JV, Mayle M. Spontaneous orbital hemorrhage associated with idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109:103–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Tooley AA, Salomao D, Bradley EA, Garrity JA. Distinguishing IgG4 Related Ophthalmic Disease from Graves Orbitopathy. Ophthalmic Plastic Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(2):170–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Barone SR, Aiuto LT. Periorbital and orbital cellulitis in the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine era. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34:293–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Rees JR, et al. The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Francisco Bay area, 1992–1993: results of population-based laboratory active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:1138–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Bray WH, Giangiacomo J, Ide CH. Orbital apex syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 1987;32:136–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Nielsen EW, et al. Aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus presenting as orbital pseudotumor. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1983;91:699–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Slavin ML. Primary aspergillosis of the orbital apex. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1502–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kersten RC, et al. Periorbital dirofilariasis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;10:293–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Benson WH, Linberg JV, Weinstein GW. Orbital pseudotumor in a patient with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:697–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Satorre J, et al. Orbital lesions with granulomatous inflammation. Can J Ophthalmol. 1991;26:174–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Alper MG, Zimmerman LE, Piana FG. Orbital manifestations of Erdheim-Chester disease. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1983;81:64–85.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Rozenberg I, et al. Erdheim-Chester disease presenting as malignant exophthalmos. Br J Radiol. 1986;59:173–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Shields JA, et al. Orbital and eyelid involvement with Erdheim-Chester disease. A report of two cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:850–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Diamond EL, Subbiah V, Lockhart AC, Blay JY, Puzanov I, Chau I, Raje NS, Wolf J, Erinjeri JP, Torrisi J, Lacouture M, Elez E, Martínez-Valle F, Durham B, Arcila ME, Ulaner G, Abdel-Wahab O, Pitcher B, Makrutzki M, Riehl T, Baselga J, Hyman DM. Vemurafenib for BRAF V600-Mutant Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: analysis of data from the histology-independent, phase 2, open-label VE-BASKET Study. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(3):384–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.5029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Robertson DM, Winkelmann RK. Ophthalmic features of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97:173–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Bullock JD, et al. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia. Case report and a pathogenetic theory. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:1233–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Field B, et al. Orbital pseudo-pseudotumor in a four-year-old. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1094.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Rose GE, et al. Intraocular malignant melanomas presenting with orbital inflammation. Eye. 1993;7(Pt 4):539–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Tabassian A, Zuravleff JJ. Necrotic choroidal melanoma with orbital inflammation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1576–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Yeo JH, et al. Combined clinical and computed tomographic diagnosis of orbital lymphoid tumors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94:235–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Fiore PM, et al. The dural shunt syndrome. I. Management of glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:56–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Keltner JL, et al. Dural and carotid cavernous sinus fistulas. Diagnosis, management, and complications. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1585–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Sergott RC, et al. The syndrome of paradoxical worsening of dural-cavernous sinus arteriovenous malformations. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:205–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Wildenhain PM, et al. Orbital varix: color flow imaging correlated with CT and MR studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1991;15:171–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Harris GJ, Snyder RW. Lacrimal gland abscess. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104:193–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Parkin B, et al. Lymphocytic infiltration and enlargement of the lacrimal glands: a new subtype of primary Sjogren’s syndrome? Ophthalmology. 2005;112:2040–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Dutt S, Cartwright MJ, Nelson CC. Acute dacryoadenitis and Crohn’s disease: findings and management. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;8:295–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Hwang IP, Jordan DR, Acharya V. Lacrimal gland inflammation as the presenting sign of Crohn’s disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2001;36:212–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Jakobiec FA, et al. Combined clinical and computed tomographic diagnosis of primary lacrimal fossa lesions. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94:785–807.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Ben Simon GJ, et al. Extraocular muscle enlargement with tendon involvement in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:1145–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Dresner SC, et al. Computed tomography of orbital myositis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143:671–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Patrinely JR, et al. Computed tomographic features of nonthyroid extraocular muscle enlargement. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1038–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Sekhar GC, Lemke BN, Singh SK. Cystic lesions of the extraocular muscles. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;12:199–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Spoor TC, Hartel WC. Orbital myositis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983;3:67–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Divine RD, Anderson RL. Metastatic small cell carcinoma masquerading as orbital myositis. Ophthalmic Surg. 1982;13:483–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Capone A Jr, Slamovits TL. Discrete metastasis of solid tumors to extraocular muscles. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:237–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hornblass A, et al. Orbital lymphoid tumors located predominantly within extraocular muscles. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:688–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Hollenhorst RW, Henderson JW. The ocular manifestations of the diffuse collagen diseases. Am J Med Sci. 1951;221:211–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Stewart CR, et al. Cysticercosis as a cause of severe medial rectus muscle myositis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:510–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Young RS, et al. Orbital pseudotumor and Crohn disease. J Pediatr. 1981;99:250–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Weinstein JM, Koch K, Lane S. Orbital pseudotumor in Crohn’s colitis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1984;16:275–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Squires RH Jr, Zwiener RJ, Kennedy RH. Orbital myositis and Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992;15:448–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Volpe NJ, Shore JW. Orbital myositis associated with herpes zoster. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:471–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Fabricius EM, Hoegl I, Pfaeffl W. Ocular myositis as first presenting symptom of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV–1) infection and its response to high-dose cortisone treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991;75:696–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Grimson BS, Simons KB. Orbital inflammation, myositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:736–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Serop S, et al. Orbital myositis secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Ophthalmol. 1994;72:520–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Seidenberg KB, Leib ML. Orbital myositis with Lyme disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;13:16.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Noel LP, Clarke WN. Orbital myositis with Lyme disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110:98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Cornblath WT, Elner V, Rolfe M. Extraocular muscle involvement in sarcoidosis. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:501–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Patel AS, et al. Painless diplopia caused by extraocular muscle sarcoid. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:879–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Kattah JC, et al. Bilateral orbital involvement in fatal giant cell polymyositis. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:520–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Klein BR, et al. Orbital myositis and giant cell myocarditis. Neurology. 1989;39:988–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Stevens AW, Grossman ME, Barr ML. Orbital myositis, vitiligo, and giant cell myocarditis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(2) Pt 2:310–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Harris GJ, et al. Orbital myositis as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:380–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Mauriello JA Jr, Flanagan JC. Management of orbital inflammatory disease. A protocol. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;29:104–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Trokel SL, Hilal SK. Recognition and differential diagnosis of enlarged extraocular muscles in computed tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;87:503–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Rothfus WE, Curtin HD. Extraocular muscle enlargement: a CT review. Radiology. 1984;151:677–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Dick AD, Atta H, Forrester JV. Lithium-induced orbitopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:452–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Leventer DB, et al. Enterogenous cyst of the orbital apex and superior orbital fissure. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1614–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Burde RM, et al. Double vision, visual loss, and an enhancing orbital apex. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988;33:55–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Kline LB. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 1982;27:79–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Spector RH, Fiandaca MS. The “sinister” Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Neurology. 1986;36:198–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Campbell RJ, Okazaki H. Painful ophthalmoplegia (Tolosa-Hunt variant): autopsy findings in a patient with necrotizing intracavernous carotid vasculitis and inflammatory disease of the orbit. Mayo Clin Proc. 1987;62:520–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Yousem DM, et al. MR imaging of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989;10:1181–4.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Goto Y, et al. Abnormality in the cavernous sinus in three patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MRI and CT findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:231–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Grimson BS, et al. Isolated, bilateral orbital mass lesions during childhood. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1982;19:42–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Lamkin JC, Raizman MB. Update on laboratory tests for diagnosis of orbital disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1992;32:27–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Kalina PH, et al. Role of testing for anticytoplasmic autoantibodies in the differential diagnosis of scleritis and orbital pseudotumor. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990;65:1110–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Lee AG, et al. Imaging for neuro-ophthalmic and orbital disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:852–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Levin LA, Rubin PA. Advances in orbital imaging. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1992;32:1–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Purdy EP, Bullock JD. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in orbital diagnosis. Ophthalmol Clin N Am. 1991;4:89.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Atlas SW, et al. Surface-coil MR of orbital pseudotumor. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148:803–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Hardman JA, et al. MRI of idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome using fat saturation and Gd-DTPA. Neuroradiology. 1995;37:475–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Asao C, et al. Orbital pseudotumors: value of short inversion time inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology. 1997;202:55–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Moseley IF, Wright JE. Orbital pseudotumour. Clin Radiol. 1992;45:67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Mombaerts I, Rose GE, Garrity JA. Orbital inflammation: biopsy first. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  176. McNicholas MM, Power WJ, Griffin JF. Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumour of the orbit: CT features correlated with clinical outcome. Clin Radiol. 1991;44:3–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Kennerdell JS. Management of nonspecific inflammatory and lymphoid orbital lesions. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1991;31:7–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Mombaerts I, Cameron JD, Chanlalit W, Garrity JA. Surgical debulking for idiopathic dacryoadenitis: a diagnosis and a cure. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:603–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. White V, et al. Orbital lymphoproliferative and inflammatory lesions. Can J Ophthalmol. 1987;22:362–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Warren FA, Kennerdell JS. Orbital fine needle aspiration biopsy. In: Hornblass A, editor. Oculoplastic, orbital, and reconstructive surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1990. p. 803.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Char DH, Miller T. Orbital pseudotumor. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and response to therapy. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1702–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Jakobiec FA, Neri A, Knowles DM 2nd. Genotypic monoclonality in immunophenotypically polyclonal orbital lymphoid tumors. A model of tumor progression in the lymphoid system. The 1986 Wendell Hughes lecture. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:980–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Mauriello JA Jr, et al. The role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in differentiating idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease and lymphoid proliferations. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;13:26–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Mombaerts I, et al. Are systemic corticosteroids useful in the management of orbital pseudotumors? Ophthalmology. 1996;103:521–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Cockerham KP, Kennerdell JS. Orbital disease, optic nerve and chiasm. Curr Opin Neurol. 1997;10:22–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Yuen SJ, Rubin PA. Idiopathic orbital inflammation: distribution, clinical features, and treatment outcome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:491–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Leone CR Jr, Lloyd WC 3rd. Treatment protocol for orbital inflammatory disease. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1325–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Krohel GB, Carr EM, Webb RM. Intralesional corticosteroids for inflammatory lesions of the orbit. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;101:121–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Noble AG, Tripathi RC, Levine RA. Indomethacin for the treatment of idiopathic orbital myositis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:336–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Siatkowski RM, et al. Clinical and echographic findings in idiopathic orbital myositis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:343–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Bessant DA, Lee JP. Management of strabismus due to orbital myositis. Eye. 1995;9(Pt 5):558–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Garrity JA, et al. Treatment of recalcitrant idiopathic orbital inflammation (chronic orbital myositis) with infliximab. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:925–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Carruth BP, Wladis EJ. Inflammatory modulators and biologic agents in the treatment of idiopathic orbital inflammation. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2012;23(5):420–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e328355715e.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Mombaerts I, et al. The surgical management of lacrimal gland pseudotumors. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1619–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Hemady R, Tauber J, Foster CS. Immunosuppressive drugs in immune and inflammatory ocular disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 1991;35:369–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Diaz-Llopis M, Menezo JL. Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor and low-dose cyclosporine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107:547–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Bielory L, Frohman LP. Low-dose cyclosporine therapy of granulomatous optic neuropathy and orbitopathy. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1732–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Sanchez-Roman J, et al. Idiopathic orbital myositis: treatment with cyclosporin. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52:84–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  199. Herold KC, Rubenstein AH. Immunosuppression for insulin-dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:701–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Shah SS, et al. Low-dose methotrexate therapy for ocular inflammatory disease. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1419–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Smith JR, Rosenbaum JT. A role for methotrexate in the management of non-infectious orbital inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:1220–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  202. Eagle K, et al. Cyclophosphamide induced remission in relapsed, progressive idiopathic orbital inflammation (‘Pseudotumour’). Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1995;7:402–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Behrend M. Mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept). Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1998;7:1509–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Hatton MP, Rubin PA, Foster CS. Successful treatment of idiopathic orbital inflammation with mycophenolate mofetil. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:916–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Siepmann K, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil is a highly effective and safe immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of uveitis A retrospective analysis of 106 patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, Luggen M, Sherrer Y, Kremer J, Birbara C, Box J, Natarajan K, Nuamah I, Li T, Aranda R, Hagerty DT, Dougados M. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(11):1114–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050524. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2005;353(21):2311. PMID: 16162882.

  207. Emery P. The therapeutic potential of costimulatory blockade with CTLA4Ig in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2003;12:673–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Ahmadi-Simab K, et al. Successful treatment of refractory anterior scleritis in primary Sjogren’s syndrome with rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:1087–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  209. Omdal R, et al. Anti-CD20 therapy of treatment-resistant Wegener’s granulomatosis: favourable but temporary response. Scand J Rheumatol. 2005;34:229–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Specks U, et al. Response of Wegener’s granulomatosis to anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2836–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1224–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Sherman MD, Pince KJ, Farahmand SM. Sarcoidosis manifesting as uveitis and menometrorrhagia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123:703–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Crick RP, Hoyle C, Smellie H. The eyes in sarcoidosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1961;45:461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  214. Obenauf CD, et al. Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;86:648–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Jabs DA, Johns CJ. Ocular involvement in chronic sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:297–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Karma A, Huhti E, Poukkula A. Course and outcome of ocular sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;106:467–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Melmon KL, Goldberg JS. Sarcoidosis with bilateral exophthalmos as the initial symptom. Am J Med. 1962;33:158–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Leino M, Tuovinen E, Romppanen T. Orbital sarcoidosis. A case report. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1982;60:809–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Khan JA, et al. Orbital and childhood sarcoidosis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1986;23:190–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Wolk RB. Sarcoidosis of the orbit with bone destruction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1984;5:204–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  221. Signorini E, et al. Rare multiple orbital localizations of sarcoidosis. A case report. Neuroradiology. 1984;26:145–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Collison JM, Miller NR, Green WR. Involvement of orbital tissues by sarcoid. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:302–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Imes RK, Reifschneider JS, O’Connor LE. Systemic sarcoidosis presenting initially with bilateral orbital and upper lid masses. Ann Ophthalmol. 1988;20:466–7, 469

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Faller M, et al. Systemic sarcoidosis initially presenting as an orbital tumour. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:474–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Kao SC, Rootman J. Unusual orbital presentations of dural sarcoidosis. Can J Ophthalmol. 1996;31:195–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Bronson LJ, Fisher YL. Sarcoidosis of the paranasal sinuses with orbital extension. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976;94:243–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Stannard K, Spalton DJ. Sarcoidosis with infiltration of the external ocular muscles. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69:562–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  228. Snead JW, et al. Isolated orbital sarcoidosis as a cause for blepharoptosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:739–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Hammerschlag SB, Hesselink JR, Weber AL. Inflammatory disease. In: Computed tomography of the eye and orbit. Norwalk: Appleton-Lange; 1983. p. 159–205.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Sacher M, et al. Computed tomography of bilateral lacrimal gland sarcoidosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1984;8:213–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Carmody RF, et al. Orbital and optic pathway sarcoidosis: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:775–83.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  232. Harris GJ, Williams GA, Clarke GP. Sarcoidosis of the lacrimal sac. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:1198–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Gudeman SK, et al. Sarcoid optic neuropathy. Neurology. 1982;32:597–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Caplan L, et al. Neuro-ophthalmologic signs in the angiitic form of neurosarcoidosis. Neurology. 1983;33:1130–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Beardsley TL, et al. Eleven cases of sarcoidosis of the optic nerve. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97:62–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Graham EM, et al. Optic neuropathy in sarcoidosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:756–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  237. Mansour AM. Sarcoid optic disc edema and optociliary shunts. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1986;6:47–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Galetta S, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS. Acute sarcoid optic neuropathy with spontaneous recovery. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9:27–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Matjucha ICA, Katz B. The optic neuropathy of sarcoidosis. Semin Ophthalmol. 1992;7:60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  240. Castagna I, et al. Optic nerve granuloma as first sign of systemic sarcoidosis. Ophthalmologica. 1994;208:230–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Beck AD, et al. Optic nerve enlargement and chronic visual loss. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;38:555–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Ing EB, et al. Sarcoid masquerading as optic nerve sheath meningioma. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72:38–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Weinreb RN, Tessler H. Laboratory diagnosis of ophthalmic sarcoidosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;28:653–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Weinreb RN. Diagnosing sarcoidosis by transconjunctival biopsy of the lacrimal gland. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97:573–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Karma A. Diagnosing sarcoidosis by transconjunctival biopsy of the lacrimal gland. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:640–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Nessan VJ, Jacoway JR. Biopsy of minor salivary glands in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:922–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Cheng KH, Brinkman CJ, Rothova A. An unusual case of neurosarcoidosis confirmed by a muscle biopsy specimen. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110:574–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Smith JA, Foster CS. Sarcoidosis and its ocular manifestations. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1996;36:109–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Bersani TA, Nichols CW. Intralesional triamcinolone for cutaneous palpebral sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99:561–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Bachelez H, et al. The use of tetracyclines for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:69–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Pradeep TG, Prabhakaran V, McNab A, Dodd T, Selva D. Diffuse bilateral orbital inflammation in Churg- Strauss Syndrome. 26:57–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181b8c84e.

  252. Heine A, et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the anterior orbit. A symptom in allergic granulomatous angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Ophthalmologe. 1995;92:870–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Haynes BF, Allen NB, Fauci AS. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient with vasculitis. Med Clin North Am. 1986;70:355–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Conn DL. Update on systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989;64:535–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Conn DL, Hunder GG. Vasculitis and related disorders. In: Kelley WN, et al., editors. Textbook of rheumatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989. p. 1167–99.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Jabs DA. The rheumatic diseases. In: Schachat AP, Murphy RP, Patz Z, editors. Retina. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1989. p. 457–80.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Cupps TR, Fauci AS. The vasculitic syndromes. Adv Intern Med. 1982;27:315–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Holland M, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody IgG subclasses in Wegener’s granulomatosis: a possible pathogenic role for the IgG4 subclass. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;138:183–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  259. Trocme SD, et al. Eosinophil and neutrophil degranulation in ophthalmic lesions of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1585–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Wolff SM, et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81:513–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Coutu RE, et al. Limited form of Wegener granulomatosis. Eye involvement as a major sign. JAMA. 1975;233:868–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Haynes BF, et al. The ocular manifestations of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Fifteen years experience and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1977;63:131–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Bullen CL, et al. Ocular complications of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:279–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Robin JB, et al. Ocular involvement in the respiratory vasculitides. Surv Ophthalmol. 1985;30:127–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Weiter J, Farkas TG. Pseudotumor of the orbit as a presenting sign in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1972;17:106–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Allen JC, France TD. Pseudotumor as the presenting sign of Wegener’s granulomatosis in a child. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1977;14:158–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Parelhoff ES, Chavis RM, Friendly DS. Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting as orbital pseudotumor in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1985;22:100–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Coppeto JR, Yamase H, Monteiro ML. Chronic ophthalmic Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1985;5:17–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Perry SR, Rootman J, White VA. The clinical and pathologic constellation of Wegener granulomatosis of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:683–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Scully RE, Mark EJ, McNeely BU. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:999–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Pinchoff BS, et al. Extraocular muscle involvement in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983;3:163–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Kirker S, Keane M, Hutchinson M. Benign recurrent multiple mononeuropathy in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:918.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  273. Scully RE, et al. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:760–8.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Newman NJ, et al. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of meningocerebral inflammation from the limited form of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120:613–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. DR J, DJ A. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Eyelid and conjunctival manifestations as the presenting feature in two individuals. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:602–7.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Robinson MR, et al. Tarsal-conjunctival disease associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1770–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Tullo AB, et al. Florid xanthelasmata (yellow lids) in orbital Wegener’s granulomatosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:453–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  278. Sneller MC. Wegener’s granulomatosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1288–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Chang SY, Keogh KA, Lewis JE, et al. IgG4-positive plasma cells in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s): a clinicopathlogic and immunohistochemical study on 43 granulomatosis with polyangiitis and 20 control cases. Hum Pathol. 2013;44:2432–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Cross CE, Lillington GA. Serodiagnosis of Wegener’s granulomatosis: pathobiologic and clinical implications. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989;64:119–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Nolle B, et al. Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies: their immunodiagnostic value in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:28–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Pulido JS, et al. Ocular manifestations of patients with circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:845–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Soukiasian SH, et al. Diagnostic value of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in scleritis associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:125–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Ungprasert P, Crowson CS, Cartin-Ceba R, et al. Clinical characteristics of inflammatory ocular disease in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis: a retrospective cohort study. Rheumatology. 2017;56:1763–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  285. Zhang X, et al. Clinical and pathological manifestations of patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies directed against proteinase 3 or myeloperoxidase. Chin Med Sci J. 2002;17:32–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Durel CA, Hot A, Trefond L, Aumaitre O, Pugnet G, Samson M, Abad S, Belot A, Blanchard-Delaunay C, Cohen P, Cohen-Aubard F, Cottin V, Crestani B, Moreuil C, Durupt S, Garzaro M, Girszyn N, Godeau B, Hachulla E, Jamilloux Y, Jego P, Killian M, Lazaro E, Le Gallou T, Liozon E, Martin T, Papo T, Perlat A, Pillet P, Guillevin L, Terrier B, French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG). Orbital mass in ANCA-associated vasculitides: data on clinical, biological, radiological and histological presentation, therapeutic management, and outcome from 59 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019:pii: kez071. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez071. [Epub ahead of print].

  287. Kalina PH, et al. Diagnostic value and limitations of orbital biopsy in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:120–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Alloway JA, Cupps TR. High dose methylprednisolone for retroorbital Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:752–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:221–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  290. Wegener’s Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group. Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):351–61. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041884. PMID: 15673801.

  291. Power WJ, et al. Disease relapse in patients with ocular manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:154–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Thawley SE. Wegener’s granulomatosis: unusual indication for orbital decompression. Laryngoscope. 1979;89:145–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Hardwig PW, Bartley GB, Garrity JA. Surgical management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:133–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Akova YA, Jabbur NS, Foster CS. Ocular presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. Clinical course and management with steroid and cytotoxic therapy. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1775–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Morgan CM, et al. Retinal vasculitis in polyarteritis nodosa. Retina. 1986;6:205–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Kinyoun JL, Kalina RE, Klein ML. Choroidal involvement in systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:939–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Haskjold E, Froland S, Egge K. Ocular polyarteritis nodosa. Report of a case. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1987;65:749–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Purcell JJ Jr. Polyarteritis nodosa. In: Gold DH, Weingeist TA, editors. The eye in systemic disease. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1990. p. 51–3.

    Google Scholar 

  299. Vanwien S, Merz EH. Exophthalmos secondary to Periarteritis Nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 1963;56:204–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Koike R, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa (PN) complicated with unilateral exophthalmos. Intern Med. 1993;32:232–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Miller NR. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1991. p. 2589–98.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Goldstein I, Wexler D. Bilateral atrophy of the optic nerves in periarteritis nodosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 1937;18:767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  303. Kimbrell OC Jr, Wheliss JA. Polyarteritis nodosa complicated by bilateral optic neuropathy. JAMA. 1967;201:139–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Bagegni A, et al. Visual recovery in orbital vasculitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72:737–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  305. Hayasaka S, Uchida M, Setogawa T. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as orbital apex syndrome. Orbit. 1990;9:117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  306. Newman NM, Hoyt WF, Spencer WH. Macula-sparing monocular blackouts. Clinical and pathologic investigations of intermittent choroidal vascular insufficiency in a case of periarteritis nodosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91:367–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Coppeto JR, Miller D. Polyarteritis nodosa diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Sedwick LA, Margo CE. Sixth nerve palsies, temporal artery biopsy, and necrotizing vasculitis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9:119–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Goodman BW Jr. Temporal arteritis. Am J Med. 1979;67:839–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Caselli RJ, Hunder GG, Whisnant JP. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology. 1988;38:352–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Save-Soderbergh J, et al. Giant cell arteritis as a cause of death. Report of nine cases. JAMA. 1986;255:493–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Hupp SL, Nelson GA, Zimmerman LE. Generalized giant-cell arteritis with coronary artery involvement and myocardial infarction. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:1385–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Mehler MF, Rabinowich L. The clinical neuro-ophthalmologic spectrum of temporal arteritis. Am J Med. 1988;85:839–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Chen JJ, Leavitt JA, Fang C, Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ. Evaluating the incidence of arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy and other causes of vision loss from giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(9):1999–2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.05.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Borruat FX, et al. Orbital infarction syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:562–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Ho AC, et al. Color Doppler hemodynamics of giant cell arteritis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:938–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Ghanchi FD, et al. Colour Doppler imaging in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: serial examination and comparison with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Eye. 1996;10(Pt 4):459–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Hamed LM, et al. Giant cell arteritis in the ocular ischemic syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113:702–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Zion VM, Goodside V. Anterior segment ischemia with ischemic optic neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol. 1974;19:19–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Radda TM, Bardach H, Riss B. Acute ocular hypotony. A rare complication of temporal arteritis. Ophthalmologica. 1981;182:148–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Spolaore R, et al. Acute sectorial choroidal ischemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:707–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Mack HG, O’Day J, Currie JN. Delayed choroidal perfusion in giant cell arteritis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1991;11:221–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Stein R, et al. Orbital apex syndrome due to cranial arteritis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1980;12:708–13.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Clark AE, Victor WH. An unusual presentation of temporal arteritis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1987;19:343–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Laidlaw DA, Smith PE, Hudgson P. Orbital pseudotumour secondary to giant cell arteritis: an unreported condition. BMJ. 1990;300:784.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  326. Nassani S, et al. Orbital pseudotumor as a presenting sign of temporal arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13:367–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Wagener HP, Hollenhorst RW. The ocular lesions of temporal arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958;45:617–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Barricks ME, et al. Ophthalmoplegia in cranial arteritis. Brain. 1977;100:209–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Dimant J, Grob D, Brunner NG. Ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and miosis in temporal arteritis. Neurology. 1980;30:1054–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Goldberg RT. Ocular muscle paresis and cranial arteritis – an unusual case. Ann Ophthalmol. 1983;15:240–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Coppeto JR, Greco T. Mydriasis in giant-cell arteritis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9:267–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Cockerham KP, et al. Radiosensitive orbital inflammation associated with temporal arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23:117–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Villiger PM, Adler S, Kuchen S, et al. Tocilizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1921–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Gold DH, Morris DA, Henkind P. Ocular findings in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:800–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  335. Read RW. Clinical mini-review: systemic lupus erythematosus and the eye. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2004;12:87–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Burkhalter E. Unique presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1973;16:428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Brenner EH, Shock JP. Proptosis secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91:81–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  338. Wildinson LS, Panush RS. Exophthalmos associated with systemic lupus erythematosus [letter]. Arthritis Rheum. 1975;18:188–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Bankhurst AD, Carlow TJ, Reidy RW. Exophthalmos in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Ophthalmol. 1984;16:669–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Evans OB, Lexow SS. Painful ophthalmoplegia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Neurol. 1978;4:584–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Leahey AB, Connor TB, Gottsch JD. Chemosis as a presenting sign of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:609–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  342. Tan EM, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25:1271–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Schur PH. Clinical features of SLE. In: Kelley WN, et al., editors. Textbook of rheumatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989. p. 1101–29.

    Google Scholar 

  344. Keogh KA, et al. Rituximab for refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis: report of a prospective, open-label pilot trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:180–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  345. Whaley K, Alspaugh MA. Sjogren’s syndrome. In: Kelley WN, et al., editors. Textbook of rheumatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989. p. 999–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  346. Pepose JS, et al. Mononuclear cell phenotypes and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in lacrimal gland biopsies from patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1599–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Strand V, Talal N. Advances in the diagnosis and concept of Sjogren’s syndrome (autoimmune exocrinopathy). Bull Rheum Dis. 1979;30:1046–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Pokorny G, et al. Primary Sjogren’s syndrome from the viewpoint of an internal physician. Int Ophthalmol. 1991;15:401–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  349. Alexander GE, et al. Sjogren’s syndrome: central nervous system manifestations. Neurology. 1981;31:1391–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Alexander EL, et al. Neurologic complications of primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1982;61:247–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Farris RN. Sjogren’s syndrome. In: Gold DH, Weingeist TA, editors. The eye in systemic disease. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1990. p. 70–1.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Gilbard JP, Farris RL, Santamaria J 2nd. Osmolarity of tear microvolumes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:677–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Streubel B, et al. Frequency of chromosomal aberrations involving MALT1 in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:476–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Cheuk W, Chan JK. IgG4-related sclerosing disease: a critical appraisal of an evolving clinicopathologic entity. Adv Anat Pathol. 2010;17:303–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Wallace ZS, Khosroshahi A, Jakobiec FA, et al. IgG4-related systemic disease as a cause of “idiopathic” orbital inflammation, including orbital myositis, and trigeminal nerve involvement. Surv Ophthalmol. 2012;57:26–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Umehara H, Okazaki K, Masaki Y, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), 2011. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22:21–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Katsura M, Mori H, Kunimatsu A, et al. Radiological features of IgG4-related disease in the head, neck, and brain. Neuroradiology. 2012;54:873–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  358. Zen Y, Nakanuma Y. IgG4-related disease: a cross-sectional study of 114 ses. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:1812–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Hamano H, Kawa S, Horiuchi A, et al. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:732–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Kamisawa T, Funata N, Hayashi Y, et al. A new clinicopathological entity of IgG4-related autoimmune disease. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:982–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Stone JH, Khosroshahi A, Hilgenberg A, Spooner A, Isselbacher EM, Stone JR. IgG4-related systemic disease and lymphoplasmacytic aortitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:3139–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  362. Dahlgren M, Khosroshahi A, Nielsen GP, Deshpande V, Stone JH. Riedel’s thyroiditis and multifocal fibrosclerosis are part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:1312–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  363. Saeki T, Saito A, Hiura T, et al. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of multiple organs with immunoreactivity for IgG4: IgG4-related systemic disease. Intern Med. 2006;45:163–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  364. Kamisawa T, Takuma K, Egawa N, Tsuruta K, Sasaki T. Autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7:401–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  365. Kubota T, Moritani S. Orbital IgG4-Related Disease: Clinical Features and Diagnosis. ISRN Rheumatol. 2012;2012:412896. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/412896. Epub 2012 Jun 21. PMID: 22778989; PMCID: PMC3388428.

  366. Lindfield D, Attfield K, McElvanney A. Systemic immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) disease and idiopathic orbital inflammation; removing ‘idiopathic’ from the nomenclature? Eye. 2012;26:623.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  367. Kalapesi FB, Garrott HM, Moldovan C, Williams M, Ramanan A, Herbert HM. IgG4 orbital inflammation in a 5-year-old child presenting as an orbital mass. Orbit. 2013;32:137–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  368. Plaza JA, Garrity JA, Dogan A, Ananthamurthy A, Witzig TE, Salomão DR. Orbital inflammation withIgG4-positiveplasmacells:manifestationofIgG4 systemicdisease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  369. Andrew N, Kearney D, Selva D, Ananthamurthy A, Witzig TE, Salomão DR. IgG4-related orbital disease: a meta-analysis and review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012. [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  370. Stone JH, Zen Y, Deshpande V. IgG4-relateddisease. N Engl J Med. 2012;6:539–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  371. Baqir M, Garrity JA, Vassallo R, et al. Asthma and orbital immunoglobulin G4-related disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;116:313–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  372. Tiegs-Heiden CA, Eckel LJ, Hunt CH, et al. Immunoglobulin G4- related disease of the orbit: imaging features in 27 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35:1393–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  373. Hardy TG, McNab AA, Rose GE. Enlargement of the infraorbital nerve: an important sign associated with orbital reactive lymphoid hyperplasia or immunoglobulin g4-related disease. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:1297–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Masaki Y, Kurose N, Yamamoto M, et al. Cutoff values of serum IgG4 and histopathological IgG4+ plasma cells for diagnosis of patients with IgG4-related disease. Int J Rheumatol. 2012;2012:580814.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  375. Deshpande V, Zen Y, Chan JK, et al. Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol. 2012;25:1181–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Khosroshahi A, Carruthers M, Deshpande V, Unizony S, Bloch DB, Stone JH. Rituximab for the treatment of IgG4-related disease: lessons from ten consecutive patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;91:57–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Khosroshahi A, Bloch DB, Deshpande V, Stone JH. Rituximab therapy leads to rapid decline of serum IgG4 levels and prompt clinical improvement in IgG4- related systemic disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1755–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Andrea A. Tooley & James A. Garrity

  2. Eye Health Services, Beth Israel Deaconess Milton, Quincy, MA, USA

    Neal G. Snebold

Authors
  1. Andrea A. Tooley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James A. Garrity
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Neal G. Snebold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea A. Tooley .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science, Portland, OR, USA

    Daniel M. Albert

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Joan W. Miller

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Dimitri T. Azar

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Lucy H. Young

Section Editor information

  1. No affiliation provided

    Eric Steele

  2. No affiliation provided

    John Ng

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Tooley, A.A., Garrity, J.A., Snebold, N.G. (2022). Noninfectious Orbital Inflammations. In: Albert, D.M., Miller, J.W., Azar, D.T., Young, L.H. (eds) Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_62

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_62

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42633-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42634-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation