Skip to main content

MR: What We Need to Know to Start to Interpret Radiological Pictures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Endotherapy in Biliopancreatic Diseases: ERCP Meets EUS

Abstract

Magnetic resonance (MR) with cholangiopancreatography imaging has evolved considerably in the last decades. Improving in spatial resolution and speed of acquisition, MR provides comprehensive information to evaluate the full range of biliary and pancreatic diseases in a single session, without using any ionizing radiation. Furthermore, MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has an accepted main role in the study of many biliary and pancreatic disorders, becoming a noninvasive diagnostic alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

A knowledge of the different MR imaging sequences and their potential clinical applications and limitations for cholangiopancreatographic evaluation is as essential as a familiarity with the spectrum of possible biliary and pancreatic findings. The main goals are to accurately identify and characterize the disease processes and to provide effective guidance for treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Matos C, Cappeliez O, Winant C, Coppens E, Devière J, Metens T. MR imaging of the pancreas: a pictorial tour. Radiographics. 2002;22(1):e2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Heyn C, Sue-Chue-Lam D, Jhaveri K, Haider MA. MRI of the pancreas: problem solving tool. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;36(5):1037–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tang MY, Zhang XM, Chen TW, Huang XH. Various diffusion magnetic resonance imaging techniques for pancreatic cancer. World J Radiol. 2015;7(12):424–37.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Semelka RC, Kroeker MA, Shoenut JP, Kroeker R, Yaffe CS, Micflikier AB. Pancreatic disease: prospective comparison of CT, ERCP, and 1.5-T MR imaging with dynamic gadolinium enhancement and fat suppression. Radiology. 1991;181(3):785–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Griffin N, Charles-Edwards G, Grant LA. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: the ABC of MRCP. Insights Imaging. 2012;3(1):11–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Manfredi R, Pozzi Mucelli R. Secretin-enhanced MR imaging of the pancreas. Radiology. 2016;279(1):29–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Boninsegna E, Manfredi R, Negrelli R, Avesani G, Mehrabi S, Pozzi Mucelli R. Pancreatic duct stenosis: differential diagnosis between malignant and benign conditions at secretin-enhanced MRCP. Clin Imaging. 2017;41:137–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Matos C, Metens T, Devière J, Nicaise N, Braudé P, Van Yperen G, et al. Pancreatic duct: morphologic and functional evaluation with dynamic MR pancreatography after secretin stimulation. Radiology. 1997;203(2):435–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cappeliez O, Delhaye M, Devière J, Le Moine O, Metens T, Nicaise N, et al. Chronic pancreatitis: evaluation of pancreatic exocrine function with MR pancreatography after secretin stimulation. Radiology. 2000;215(2):358–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kim OH, Chung HJ, Choi BG. Imaging of the choledochal cyst. Radiographics. 1995;15(1):69–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Todani T, Watanabe Y, Narusue M, Tabuchi K, Okajima K. Congenital bile duct cysts: classification operative procedures, and review of thirty-seven cases including cancer arising from choledochal cyst. Am J Surg. 1977;134:263–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim MJ, Han SJ, Yoon CS, Kim JH, Oh JT, Chung KS, et al. Using MR cholangiopancreatography to reveal anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union in infants and children with choledochal cysts. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(1):209–14.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lewis VA, Adam SZ, Nikolaidis P, Wood C, Wu JG, Yaghmai V, et al. Imaging of choledochal cysts. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40(6):1567–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sacher VY, Davis JS, Sleeman D, Casillas J. Role of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in diagnosing choledochal cysts: case series and review. World J Radiol. 2013;5(8):304–12.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Sugiyama M, Baba M, Atomi Y, Hanaoka H, Mizutani Y, Hachiya J. Diagnosis of anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction: value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Surgery. 1998;123:391–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen W, Mo JJ, Lin L, Li CQ, Zhang JF. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in choledocholithiasis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:3351–60.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Patel HT, Shah AJ, Khandelwal SR, Patel HF, Patel MD. MR cholangiopancreatography at 3.0 T. Radiographics. 2009;29:1689–706.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Costi R, Gnocchi A, Di Mario F, Sarli L. Diagnosis and management of choledocholithiasis in the golden age of imaging, endoscopy and laparoscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:13382–401.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Katabathina VS, Dasyam AK, Dasyam N, Hosseinzadeh K. Adult bile duct strictures: role of MR imaging and MR cholangiopancreatography in characterization. Radiographics. 2014;34:565–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim JY, Lee JM, Han JK, Kim SH, Lee JY, Choi JY, et al. Contrast-enhanced MRI combined with MR cholangiopancreatography for the evaluation of patients with biliary strictures: differentiation of malignant from benign bile duct strictures. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;26(2):304–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Blechacz B, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Hepatology. 2008;48:308–21.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Bilgin M, Shaikh F, Semelka RC, Bilgin SS, Balci NC, Erdogan A. Magnetic resonance imaging of gallbladder and biliary system. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;20(1):31–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lowe RC. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and classification of cholangiocarcinoma. UpToDate 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Classification, diagnosis, and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:13–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Olthof SC, Othman A, Clasen S, Nikolaou K, Bongers M. Imaging of cholangiocarcinoma. Visc Med. 2016;32(6):402–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Chung YE, Kim MJ, Park YN, et al. Varying appearances of cholangiocarcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2009;29(3):683–700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hossary SH, Zytoon AA, Eid M, Hamed A, Sharaan M, Ebrahim AA. MR cholangiopancreatography of the pancreas and biliary system: a review of the current applications. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2014;43(1):1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim JH, Kim MJ, Chung JJ, Lee WJ, Yoo HS, Lee JT. Differential diagnosis of periampullary carcinomas at MR imaging. Radiographics. 2002;22(6):1335–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Manfredi R, Costamagna G, Brizi MG, Spina S, Maresca G, Vecchioli A, et al. Pancreas divisum and “santorinicele”: diagnosis with dynamic MR cholangiopancreatography with secretin stimulation. Radiology. 2000;217:403–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Boninsegna E, Manfredi R, Ventriglia A, Negrelli R, Pedrinolla B, Mehrabi S, et al. Santorinicele: secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings before and after minor papilla sphincterotomy. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(8):2437–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Anupindi SA, Victoria T. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: techniques and applications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2008;16(3):453–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Levy MJ, Geenen JE. Idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(9):2540–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Larghi A, Petrone MC, Galasso D, Arcidiacono PG. Endoscopic ultrasound in the evaluation of pancreaticobiliary disorders. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:6–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mariani A, Curioni S, Zanello A, Passaretti S, Masci E, Rossi M, et al. Secretin MRCP and endoscopic pancreatic manometry in the evaluation of sphincter of Oddi function: a comparative pilot study in patients with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:847–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pereira SP, Gillams A, Sgouros SN, Webster GJM, Hatfield ARW. Prospective comparison of secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with manometry in the diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction types II and III. Gut. 2007;56:809–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Choueiri NE, Balci NC, Alkaade S, Burton FR. Advanced imaging of chronic pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010;12:114–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Balci NC, Bieneman BK, Bilgin M, Akduman IE, Fattahi R, Burton FR. Magnetic resonance imaging in pancreatitis. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;20:25–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Manfredi R, Costamagna G, Brizi MG, Maresca G, Vecchioli A, Colagrande C, et al. Severe chronic pancreatitis versus suspected pancreatic disease: dynamic MR cholangiopancreatography after secretin stimulation. Radiology. 2000;214(3):849–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Schima W, Ba-Ssalamah A, Kölblinger C, Kulinna-Cosentini C, Puespoek A, Götzinger P. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(3):638–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yoon SH, Lee JM, Cho JY, Lee KB, Kim JE, Moon SK, et al. Small (≤ 20 mm) pancreatic adenocarcinomas: analysis of enhancement patterns and secondary signs with multiphasic multidetector CT. Radiology. 2011;259(2):442–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Leyendecker JR, Elsayes KM, Gratz BI, Brown JJ. MR cholangiopancreatography: spectrum of pancreatic duct abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(6):1465–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ahualli J. The double duct sign. Radiology. 2007;244(1):314–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. De Robertis R, Tinazzi Martini P, Demozzi E, Del Corso F, Bassi C, Perderzoli P, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of pancreatic cancer. World J Radiol. 2015;7(10):319–28.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Lewis RB, Lattin GE Jr, Paal E. Pancreatic endocrine tumors: radiologic-clinicopathologic correlation. Radiology. 2010;30(6):1445–64.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Graziani R, Brandalise A, Bellotti M, Manfredi R, Contro A, Falconi M, et al. Imaging of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours. Radiol Med. 2010;115(7):1047–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Draganov PV. Cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: a diagnostic challenge. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(1):48–54.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Manfredi R, Bonatti M, D’Onofrio M, Mehrabi S, Salvia R, Mantovani W, et al. Incidentally discovered benign pancreatic cystic neoplasms not communicating with the ductal system: MR/MRCP imaging appearance and evolution. Radiol Med. 2013;118(2):163–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kucera JN, Kucera S, Perrin SD, Caracciolo JT, Schmulewitz N, Kedar RP. Cystic lesions of the pancreas: radiologic-endosonographic correlation. Radiographics. 2012;32(7):E283–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kalb B, Sarmiento JM, Kooby DA, Adsay NV, Martin DR. MR imaging of cystic lesions of the pancreas. Radiographics. 2009;29(6):1749–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Tanaka M, Fernández-Del Castillo C, Kamisawa T, Jang JY, Levy P, Ohtsuka T, et al. Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guidelines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2017;17(5):738–53.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sahani VD, Kadavigere R, Saokar A, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Brugge WR, Hahn PF. Cystic pancreatic lesions: a simple imaging-based classification system for guiding management. Radiographics. 2005;25:1471–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Manfredi R, Ventriglia A, Mantovani W, Mehrabi S, Boninsegna E, Zamboni G, et al. Mucinous cystic neoplasms and serous cystadenomas arising in the body-tail of the pancreas: MR imaging characterization. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(4):940–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Di Paola V, Manfredi R, Mehrabi S, Cardobi N, Demozzi E, Belluardo S, et al. Pancreatic mucinous cystoadenomas and cystoadenocarcinomas: differential diagnosis by means of MRI. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1057):20150536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ventriglia A, Manfredi R, Mehrabi S, Boninsegna E, Negrelli R, Pedrinolla B, et al. MRI features of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas. Abdom Radiol. 2014;39(6):1213–20.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Riccardo Manfredi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

1 Electronic Supplementary Material

Secretin-MRCP with physiological compliance of the MPD and normal duodenal filling beyond the genu inferius (MP4 1259 kb)

Secretin-MRCP with anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction due to the presence of common bile channel 15 mm length and reflux of pancreatic fluid in the biliary tree becoming progressively brighter after secretin administration (MP4 1558 kb)

Secretin-MRCP with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction due to a persistent dilatation of the MPD 10 min after secretin administration (MP4 2187 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sbarra, M., Napoleone, M., Cina, A., Di Stasi, C., Restaino, G., Manfredi, R. (2020). MR: What We Need to Know to Start to Interpret Radiological Pictures. In: Mutignani, M., Albert, J.G., Fabbri, C. (eds) Endotherapy in Biliopancreatic Diseases: ERCP Meets EUS. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42569-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42569-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42568-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42569-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics