Abstract
The oculoplastic examination of a child can be challenging and intimidating. Necessary measurements that are easily obtained in adults such as lid position, levator function, and globe position can be difficult to gather from a shy, scared, or active child. This chapter provides tips to help develop rapport with young children in the exam room that will help foster needed trust and cooperation. Tools and tricks will be explained to help the clinician complete the needed exam details. Important examination findings in children will be discussed, and pathology germane to the pediatric oculoplastic surgeon will be highlighted. The chapter will cover pediatric ptosis, eyelid tumors, tearing, orbital tumors, and trauma salient to the pediatric patient.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Simon JW, Aaby AA, Drack AV, et al. Amblyopia. In: Cantor LB, editor. Basic and clinical science course section 6. American Academy of Opthalmology. San Francisco; 2006. p. 67–75.
Oral Y, Ozgur OR, Akcay L, Ozbas M, Dogan OK. Congenital ptosis and amblyopia. Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010;47(2):101–4.
Miller MT. Ocular abnormalities in craniofacial malformation. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1984;24:143.
Whitaker LA, Katowitz JA, Jacobs WE. Ocular adnexal problems in craniofacial deformities. J Maxillofac Surg. 1979;7:55.
Hertel RW, Quinn GE, Schaffer DB. Pediatric extraocular muscle surgery and oculoplastic disorders. In: Katowitz JA, editor. Pediatric oculoplastic surgery. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. p. 145–57.
Harrad RA, Graham CM, Collin JRO. Amblyopia and strabismus in congenital ptosis. Eye. 1988;2:625–7.
Beard C. Newer ptosis procedures. In: Ptosis. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997. p. 189–212.
Heher KL, Katowitz JA. Pediatric ptosis. In: Katowitz JA, editor. Pediatric oculoplastic surgery. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. p. 253–88.
Doxanas MT, Green W, Arentsen JJ, Elsas FJ. Lid lesions of childhood: a histopathologic survey at the Wilmer Institute (1923-1974). J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1976;13:7–13.
Stefan DC. Incidence of skin lesions of Kaposi sarcoma in HIV-positive children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55(2):392.
Favara BE, Jaffe R. Pathology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1987;1:75–92.
Sandoval C, Davis A, Jayabose S. Eyelid mass as the presenting finding in a child with Down syndrome and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):810–1.
Anderson DE, Taylor WB, Falls HG, Davidson RT. The nevoid basal cell syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1967;19:12–22.
Fries P. Malignant pediatric eyelid tumors. In: Katowitz JA, editor. Pediatric oculoplastic surgery. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. p. 245–51.
Patterson CR, Acland K, Khooshabeh R. Cutaneous malignant melanoma arising in an acquired naevus of Ota. Australas J Dermatol. 2009 Nov;50(4):294–6.
Kazim M, Fries PD, Katowitz JA. Classification and evaluation of orbital disorders in children. In: Katowitz JA, editor. Pediatric oculoplastic surgery. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. p. 359–64.
Iliff WJ, Green WR. Orbital tumors in children. In: Jakobiec FA, editor. Ocular and adnexal tumors. Birmingham: Aesculapius Publishing Company; 1978. p. 669–84.
Crawford JS. Diseases of the orbit. In: Crawford JS, Morin JD, editors. The eye in childhood. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1983. p. 361–94.
Shields JA, Bakewell B, Ausburger JJ, et al. Space occupying orbital masses in children: a review of 250 consecutive biopsies. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:397–84.
Rootman J. Frequency and differential diagnosis of orbital disease. In: Rootman J, editor. Diseases of the orbit. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippencott Co.; 1988. p. 124.
Kodst SR, Sheltar KJ, Campbell RJ, et al. A review of 340 orbital tumors in children during a 60-year period. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:177–82.
Katowitz JA. Unpublished data from the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chambers, C.B., Katowitz, W.R., Katowitz, J.A. (2021). Considerations in Pediatric Oculoplastic Examination. In: Servat, J.J., Black, E.H., Nesi, F.A., Gladstone, G.J., Calvano, C.J. (eds) Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41720-8_61
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41720-8_61
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41719-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41720-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)