Skip to main content
  • 1315 Accesses

Abstract

The eye and periocular structures are central to the evaluation and treatment of conditions of facial paralysis and associated conditions of seventh cranial (facial) nerve dysfunction. As a result of the complex course and innervation of the facial nerve, physicians from multiple specialties including neurologists, neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, and plastic surgeons have a role in the evaluation and treatment of facial paralysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gausas RE. Facial nerve paralysis: diagnosis and treatment. In: Guthoff R, Katowitz JA, editors. Essentials in ophthalmology – oculoplastics and orbit. Heidelberg: Springer; 2005. p. 191–204.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Basic and clinical science course: orbit, eyelids and lacrimal system, section 7. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2010. p. 131–4.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Maas CS, Benecke JE, Holds JB, Schoenrock LD. Primary surgical management for rehabilitation of the paralyzed eye. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;110:288–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1985;93:146–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Leyngold IM, Yen MT, Tian J, Leyngold MM, Vora GK, Weller C. Minimally invasive corneal neurotization with acellular nerve allograft: surgical technique and clinical outcomes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018. [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kumar A, Mafee MF, Mason T. Value of imaging in disorders of the facial nerve. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;11:38–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Seiff SR, Boerner M, Carter SR. Treatment of facial palsies with external eyelid weights. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120:652–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kirkness CM, Adams GG, Dilly PN, Lee JP. Botulinum toxin A-induced protective ptosis in corneal disease. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:473–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stamler JF, Tse DT. A simple and reliable technique for permanent lateral tarsorrhaphy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:125–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tanenbaum M, Gossman MD, Bergin DJ, Friedman HI, Lett D, Haines P, McCord CD Jr. The tarsal pillar technique for narrowing and maintenance of the interpalpebral fissure. Ophthalmic Surg. 1992;23:418–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Nerad JA. Ch 9. Abnormal facial movements. Techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery: a personal tutorial. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 237–60.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jordan DR, Anderson RL. The lateral tarsal strip revisited. The enhanced tarsal strip. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:604–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nowinski TS, Anderson RL. The medial spindle procedure for involutional medial ectropion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1750–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kersten RC, Kulwin DR, Levartovsky S, Tiradellis H, Tse DT. Management of lower-lid retraction with hard-palate mucosa grafting. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:1339–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rofagha S, Seiff SR. Long-term results for the use of gold eyelid load weights in the management of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125:142–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tower RN, Dailey RA. Gold weight implantation: a better way? Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20:202–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cook TA, Brownrigg PJ, Wang TD, Quatela VC. The versatile midforehead browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;115:163–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. May M, Drucker C. Temporalis muscle for facial reanimation. A 13-year experience with 224 procedures. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:378–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Douglas RS, Gausas RE. A systematic comprehensive approach to management of irreversible facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg. 2003;19:107–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. May M, Sobol SM, Mester SJ. Hypoglossal-facial nerve interpositional-jump graft for facial reanimation without tongue atrophy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;104:818–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Putterman AM. Botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of seventh nerve misdirection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110:205–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Holds, J.B. (2021). Facial Palsy: Periocular Management. In: Servat, J.J., Black, E.H., Nesi, F.A., Gladstone, G.J., Calvano, C.J. (eds) Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41720-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41720-8_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41719-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41720-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics