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Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Prognosis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

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Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Malignancies

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Abstract

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) account for 7% of pancreatic tumors. Most cases of NETs are sporadic. Pancreatic NETs are classified clinically into two groups: functional and nonfunctional. Patients with functional tumors present with variety of symptoms as the result of hormone or active peptides production. Among functional NETs, insulinoma is the most common type; the majority of tumors are benign; however, lesions larger than 2 cm carry higher malignant potential. Gastrinoma is the second most common functional NET, and up to 90% of the tumors are malignant. The three most common impaired signaling pathways in pancreatic NETs include the PI3K/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, T53/Rb pathway, and chromatin remodeling pathway. Due to advances in diagnostic modalities and utility of endoscopic ultrasound, there has been an increase in early detection of pancreatic NETs. Treatment of pancreatic NETs is tailored based on tumor grade (tumor Ki-67 proliferation index and mitotic index) and stage (tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis). Lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, higher tumor grade, advanced tumor stage, distant metastasis, and older age at the time of diagnosis are considered poor prognostic factors for disease-free survival. Considering mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of NETs, mTOR inhibitor for management of pancreatic NETs has been shown beneficial.

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  1. Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Tara Keihanian & Mohamed Othman

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  1. Tara Keihanian
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  2. Mohamed Othman
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  1. Medical Director, Capital Health Cancer Center, Director, CH Pancreas Center of Excellence, Director, CH Liver Center of Excellence, Pennington, NJ, USA

    Cataldo Doria

  2. Director of Interventional Gastroenterology, Capital Health Medical Center, Pennington, NJ, USA

    Jason N. Rogart

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Keihanian, T., Othman, M. (2022). Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Prognosis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. In: Doria, C., Rogart, J.N. (eds) Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Malignancies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41683-6_36

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