Abstract
This chapter focuses on the last stage of negotiations on adaptation under the UNFCCC, and therefore, is the most recent negotiation experience, concentrated in the period from 2016 to 2018. This period is key, since it provided the framework for the negotiation of the implementation of the Paris Agreement adopted in December 2015. The analysis focuses on the key moments of negotiation telling the story from the perspective of the lead coordinator of the G77 and China on adaptation. It is argued that the Group conquered almost all the big issues on which it achieved commonalities with the exception of adaptation finance as an overarching problem of the final outcome in Katowice. The majority of the subgroups of the G77 and China for most of this time maintained a cooperative approach in order to arrive at a common position with the conviction that better results could be achieved with the unity of developing countries on an agenda that was established and built up by those countries in the international regime.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The APA agenda adopted in May 2016 is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2016/apa/eng/l01.pdf, accessed in January 2019.
- 2.
The list of facilitators in Morocco is available at https://unfccc.int/files/bodies/apa/application/pdf/cop22_list_of_confirmed_co-facilitators.pdf, accessed in January 2019.
- 3.
The informal note is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/apa_item_4_informal_summary_note_final_version_14112016_1920.pdf, last accessed in January 2019.
- 4.
The statement pronounced by President Trump of the US in June 2017 is available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-trump-paris-climate-accord/, last accessed in January 2019.
- 5.
It should be noted that the several iterations of the informal notes of the co facilitators were prepared during the APA sessions as a way to capture progress.
- 6.
The final version of the informal note is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/apa_4_informal_note_final.pdf, last accessed in January 2019.
- 7.
The conclusions of May 2017 session are available at https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/bonn_may_2017/in-session/application/pdf/apa2017_l2_amended_unedited.pdf, last accessed January 2019.
- 8.
The last iteration of the informal note of agenda item 4 of APA 1–4 is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/apa_item_4_informal_note_14112017_final_iteration.pdf, last accessed in January 2019.
- 9.
Antecedents to this discussion can be founded in the NAPs guidance developed by the COP and the guidelines prepared by the LEG.
- 10.
Rule 16 points out that any item of the agenda of an ordinary session that was not completed at the session, shall be included automatically in the agenda of the next ordinary session. Rules of procedure are available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/02_0.pdf, las accessed in January 2019.
- 11.
CMA Decision with respect to paragraphs 41, 42 and 45 of Decision 1/CP.21 is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma_auv_paras%2041%2042%2045.pdf, last accessed in January 2019.
- 12.
Last iteration of the informal not is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Final%20iteration%20informal%20note.pdf, last accessed in January 2019.
- 13.
Last iteration of the informal not is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/APA%20item%204%20informal%20document%20final%20iteration.pdf, last accessed in January 2019.
- 14.
The CMA Decision on further guidance in relation to the adaptation communication, including, inter alia, as a component of nationally determined contributions, referred to in Article 7, paragraphs 10 and 11, of the Paris Agreement is available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma1_auv_L.21_Adaptation%20communication.pdf, last accessed in January 2019.
- 15.
The negotiation of the public registry was not included in this analysis since its negotiation was not coordinated by the author of this contribution.
References
Ashe J, Van Lierop R, Cherian A (1999) The role of the alliance of small island states (AOSIS) in the negotiation of the United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC). Natural resources forum. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK, pp 209–220
Bayart J-F (1991) Finishing with the Idea of the Third World: the concept of political trajectory. In: James M (ed) Rethinking third world politics. Longman, Harlow, pp 51–71
Berger MT (2004) After the third world? History, destiny and the fate of third worldism. Third World Q 25(1):9–39
Betzold C, Castro P, Weiler F (2012) AOSIS in the UNFCCC negotiations: from unity to fragmentation? Clim Policy 12(5):591–613
Betzold C (2010) Borrowing power to influence international negotiations: AOSIS in the climate change regime, 1990–1997. Politics 30(3):131–148
Blaxekjær LØ, Nielsen TD (2015) Mapping the narrative positions of new political groups under the UNFCCC. Clim Policy 15(6):751–766
Bueno MP (2018) Cambio, identidades e intereses: Argentina en las negociaciones multilaterales de cambio climático 2015–2017. Colombia Internacional, Universidad de los Andes, vol 96, pp 115–145
Bueno MP (2016) El grupo africano en las negociaciones multilaterales climáticas recientes (2009–2016). Voces en el Fenix, no 57, pp 130–138
Bueno MP, Pascual G (2016) International climate framework: the role of the BASIC countries in the negotiations towards the Paris Agreement. Janus Net J Int Relat 7(2):121–140
Bueno MP (2013) Las potencias medias en la arquitectura climática global: la hibridación de la brecha Norte-Sur. Austral. Revista Brasilera de Estrategia y Relaciones Internacionales 2(4):207–230
Chasek P (2005) Margins of power: coalition building and coalition maintenance of the South Pacific island states and the alliance of small island states. Rev Eur Comp Int’l Envtl L 14:125
Edwards G et al (2017) Small group, big impact: how AILAC helped shape the Paris Agreement. Clim Policy 17(1):71–85
Hirsch T (2016) The role of alliances in international climate policy after Paris. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Global Policy and Development
Hochstetler KA (2012) The G-77, BASIC, and global climate governance: a new era in multilateral environmental negotiations. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 55:53–69
Hurrell A, Sengupta S (2012) Emerging powers, North–South relations and global climate politics. Int Affairs 88(3):463–484
Kamrava M (1993) Conceptualizing Third World politics: the state‐society see‐saw. Third World Q 14(4):703–716
Kamrava M (1995) Political culture and a new definition of the Third World. Third World Q 16(4):691–702
Kasa S, Gullberg A, Heggelund G (2008) The group of 77 in the international climate negotiations: recent developments and future directions. Int Environ Agreements Polit Law Econ 8(2):113–127
Makina A (2013) Managing climate change: the Africa Group in multilateral environmental negotiations. J Int Organ Stud 4(1)
Miller M (1992) Addressing resource management concerns: the Third World in global environmental politics. In: Kenneth B (ed) Development and Democratization in the Third World: myths, hopes and realities. Taylor and Francis, New York, pp 169–181
Miller M (1995) The Third World in global environmental politics. Open University Press, Buckingham
Miller M (1998) Reconfigured: environmental regimes and Third World states. In: Karen L (ed) The greening of sovereignty in world politics. MIT Press,, Cambridge, pp 173–192
Najam A (2005) Developing countries and global environmental governance: from contestation to participation to engagement. Int Environ Agreements: Polit Law Econ 5(3):303–321
Qi X (2011) The rise of BASIC in UN climate change negotiations. S Afr J Int Affairs 18(3):295–318
Tobin P, Schmidt N, Tosun J, Burns C (2018) Mapping states’ Paris climate pledges: analyzing targets and groups at COP 21. Glob Environ Change 48:11–21
UNFCCC (2017) Annual Report 2017. Available at https://unfccc.int/resource/annualreport/. Last accessed in Jan 2019
Vihma A, Mulugetta Y, Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen S (2011) Negotiating solidarity? The G77 through the prism of climate change negotiations. Glob Change Peace Secur 23(3):315–334
Williams M (2005) The Third World and global environmental negotiations: interests, institutions and ideas. Glob Environ Polit 5(3):48–69
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bueno Rubial, M.d.P. (2020). The Implementation Phase of the Paris Agreement: The Adaptation Provisions. In: Bueno Rubial, M., Siegele, L. (eds) Negotiating Climate Change Adaptation. Springer Climate. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41021-6_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41021-6_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41020-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41021-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)