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Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis

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Pelvic Floor Disorders

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Abstract

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is primarily based on symptoms of urgency, frequency, and pain in the bladder and/or pelvis. Its etiology is not known, and clinical characteristics vary among patients. Early recognition of BPS/IC is very important because the symptoms are quite disabling, affecting quality of life, and resulting in patients being visited by a variety of specialists. Several and controversial etiologic theories have been proposed, but one aspect has been emphasized: the multifactorial etiology of the disease. Physical evaluation is a critical component of diagnosing BPS/IC. Questionnaires can be helpful in screening. The most commonly used screening tools are the pelvic pain, urgency, frequency (PUF) patient questionnaire and O’Leary–Sant Symptom and Problem Index. Local cystoscopy is not mandatory but is a good preliminary investigation to rule out other conditions. Cystoscopy with hydrodistension under anesthesia is now considered too restrictive; however, it remains the most common procedure performed in patients with BPS/IC especially in Europe. There are currently no specific blood or urine markers available for diagnosis. The therapeutic strategy is based on a combined approach to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of BPS/IC, improving quality of life and interfering with the potential disease mechanism. Therapies include conservative, medical (oral, subcutaneous, and intravesical), or interventional procedures. A multimodal approach seems to be more effective. A surgical approach should be the ultimate option for refractory BPS/IC patients.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Center, “La Sapienza” University, ICOT-Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy

    Mauro Cervigni

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  1. Mauro Cervigni
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tertiary Referral Pelvic Floor and Incontinence Center, IV°Division of General Surgery, Regional Hospital, Treviso, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Giulio A. Santoro

  2. Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Children’s University Hospital, Lublin, Poland

    Andrzej P. Wieczorek

  3. Urogynaecology and Pelvic Floor, Reconstruction Unit, Croydon University Hospital, St George’s University of London, London, UK

    Abdul H. Sultan

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Cervigni, M. (2021). Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis. In: Santoro, G.A., Wieczorek, A.P., Sultan, A.H. (eds) Pelvic Floor Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40862-6_71

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