Abstract
This chapter aims to shed light on the typology of human trafficking in conflict. It thus presents an empirical typology, that is, one composed of types of situations that exist/existed. This typology serves to organise past research, experiences from stakeholders and reports from the media focusing on human trafficking in conflict. Thus, it helps us to find a list of examples outlining the ways in which human trafficking—due to an array of exploitation types—occurs in conflict. The different types of exploitation include the following: trafficking for sexual exploitation (peacekeepers and humanitarian agencies and armed groups); trafficking of children into armed groups and for forced labour; trafficking for the purpose of slavery or practices similar to slavery; trafficking for the purpose of extorting ransom; trafficking for the purpose of forced combat (male and female); trafficking for the purpose of removal of organs (for profit and for injured combatants).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Framework through which state actors fulfil their obligations to protect and promote the human rights of trafficked persons, coordinating their efforts in a strategic partnership with civil society.
References
Allred, Keith J. 2006. Peacekeepers and Prostitutes: How Deployed Forces Fuel the Demand for Trafficked Women and New Hope for Stopping It. Armed Forces & Society 33 (1): 5–23.
Angathangelou, Anna M., Anna M. Agathangelou, and L.H.M. Ling. 2003. Desire Industries: Sex Trafficking, UN Peacekeeping, and the Neo-liberal World Order. The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10 (1): 133–148.
Bahgat, Karim, et al. 2017. Children and Armed Conflict: What Existing Data Can Tell Us. Peace research institute Oslo.
Cockburn, Cynthia. 2004. The Continuum of Violence: A Gender Perspective on War and Peace. https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520230729.001.0001/upso-9780520230729-chapter-2
Forclaz, Amalia Ribi. 2015. Humanitarian Imperialism: The Politics of Anti-Slavery. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
Haer, Roos, Christopher Michael Faulkner, and Beth Elise Whitaker. 2019. Rebel Funding and Child Soldiers: Exploring the Relationship Between Natural Resources and Forcible Recruitment. European Journal of International Relations: 1–27.
Hill, John Lawrence. 1994. Exploitation. Cornell Law Review 79: 631–699.
Human Rights Watch Report. 2014. The Power These Men Have Over Us, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by African Union Forces in Somalia. https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/08/power-these-men-have-overus/sexual-exploitaon-and-abuse-african-union-forces
Johnson, Whitman, and Sparwasser Soroka. 2018. Prevent to Protect: Early Warning, Child Soldiers, and the Case of Syria. Global Responsibility to Protect 10 (1–2): 239–259.
Mendelson, Sarah Elizabeth. 2005. Barracks and Brothels: Peacekeepers and Human Trafficking in the Balkans. Csis.
NATO. 2004. NATO Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. https://www.nato.int/docu/comm/2004/06-istanbul/docu-traffic-app1.htm
Putz, Ulrike. 2013. Syrian Refugees Sell Organs to Survive. https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/organ-trade-thrives-among-desperate-syrian-refugees-in-lebanon-a-933228.html#targetText=A%20young%20man%20Syrian%20refugee,illegal%20organ%20trade%20in%20Lebanon.&targetText=The%20young%20man%2C%20who%20called,%2C%20wasn't%20doing%20well.&targetText=He%20said%20he's%20employed%20by,organ%20trade%20%2D%20specializing%20in%20kidneys
Radio Free Europe. 2016. Kosovo War Crimes Prosecutor Pledges Impartial Probe. https://www.rferl.org/a/kosovo-war-crimes-prosecutor-vows-impartiality/27991400.html
Sanchez, Ray. 2015. United Nations Investigates Claim of ISIS Organ Theft. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/18/middleeast/isis-organ-harvesting-claim/
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 2017. Neo-Cannibalism and ISIS: Organs and Tissue Trafficking During Times of Political Conflict and War. ELPAT Congress Proceedings.
Shotton, Anna. 2006. A Strategy to Address Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Peacekeeping Personnel. Cornell Int’l LJ 39: 97.
Smith, Amelia. 2014. ISIS Publish Pamphlet on How to Treat Female Slaves. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/isis-release-questions-and-answers-pamphlet-how-treat-female-slaves-290511
Smith, Sarah. 2017. Accountability and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Peace Operations. Australian Journal of International Affairs 71 (4): 405–422.
Smith, Charles Anthony, and Brandon Miller-De La Cuesta. 2011. Human Trafficking in Conflict Zones: The Role of Peacekeepers in the Formation of Networks. Human Rights Review 12 (3): 287–299.
The Global Initiative. n.d. Connecting Human Trafficking and Conflict. http://globalinitiative.net/human-trafficking-conflict/
The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ICC-01/04–02/06, ICC Trial Chamber IV, November 7, 2019.
Turner, Ian. 2015. Human Rights, Positive Obligations, and Measures to Prevent Human Trafficking in the United Kingdom. Journal of Human Trafficking 1 (4): 296–317.
UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 1997. The Cape Town Principles and Best Practices, Adopted at the Symposium’ on the Prevention of Recruitment of Children into the Armed Forces and on Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa.
UN Secretariat. 2003. Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/405ac6614/secretary-generals-bulletin-special-measures-protection-sexual-exploitation.html
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2018. Travaux Préparatoires of the Negotiations for the Elaboration of the United Nations Convention against Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/travaux-preparatoires.html
US State Department. 2015. Modern Slavery as a Tactic in Armed Conflicts, Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Washington, Washington DC, US. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/250876.pdf
Van Reisen, Mirjam, and Conny Rijken. 2015. Sinai Trafficking: Origin and Definition of a New Form of Human Trafficking. Social Inclusion 3 (1): 113–124.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muraszkiewicz, J., Iannelli, O., Wieltschnig, P. (2020). Typology. In: Muraszkiewicz, J., Fenton, T., Watson, H. (eds) Human Trafficking in Conflict . Crime Prevention and Security Management. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40838-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40838-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40837-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-40838-1
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)