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Bioavailability of Antibiotics and Their Toxicity

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Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Abstract

Antimicrobial agents are the gift of science against pathogenic microorganisms causing infectious diseases. Antibacterial drugs are specifically used against bacteria and are of two types, i.e., bacteriostatic that can inhibit bacterial growth and bactericidal that can cause death of bacteria. Antibacterial mainly target either cell wall synthesis (like beta-lactams, vancomycin), bacterial protein synthesis (like tetracycline, clindamycin, streptogramins, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, and linezolid), or nucleic acid metabolism of bacteria (like sulfonamides, trimethoprim, quinolones). Infectious diseases are the major reason of premature deaths. Mortality rate due to these ailments raised up to 50,000/day deaths in last decades. Over the past few years, optimization of the use of antibiotics has gained much concern owing to the alarming increase in bacterial resistance and lack of new antibiotic classes under development. For the optimum effect and low toxicity we prefer those antimicrobials having high oral bioavailability. Bioavailability is the portion of dose after administration by route that is bioavailable in systemic circulation without any change in characteristics for its therapeutic effect. It is one of the basic pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Bioavailability is an important factor because it defines the dose of drug to be administered for its desired therapeutic effect. The more bioavailable a drug is, the less of its amount will be required to attain therapeutic effect and so lower will be the body exposure for high dose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of the Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

    Izhar Ullah

  2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Essa Ali

  3. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Fakhar-ud-Din

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  1. Izhar Ullah
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  2. Essa Ali
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  3. Fakhar-ud-Din
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  1. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

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Ullah, I., Ali, E., Fakhar-ud-Din (2020). Bioavailability of Antibiotics and Their Toxicity. In: Hashmi, M. (eds) Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40422-2_10

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