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Free Product Recovery of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids in Contaminated Sites: Theory and Case Studies

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Environmental Soil Remediation and Rehabilitation

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Abstract

Organic liquids with low water solubility are generally described as Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs). They penetrate the soil subsurface as oily liquids (free products), do not mix readily with water, and therefore flow independently from groundwater. They can be divided into two main classes: light NAPLs (LNAPLs), such as refined petroleum products, which are lighter than water; and dense NAPLs (DNAPLs), such as trichloroethylene, which are heavier than water. NAPLs may dissolve in the aqueous phase or evaporate in the gas phase. Due to their toxicity and widespread occurrence, they generate serious environmental and health problems. Most contaminants migrate when they are present as free-phase. Therefore, removing free products is of primary importance for the remediation of any contaminated site. Conventional NAPL remediation consists of pumping the free product until residual saturation is reached (i.e., no more NAPLs can be recovered). This residual saturation may impact gases (vapor phase) or groundwater (dissolved phase) for several years. Decreasing this residual saturation (i.e., increasing the recovery yield of free product) may contribute to reducing: (1) contaminants dissolved into water, (2) the duration of the remediation operation, (3) the extent of plumes and related contaminant concentration levels, and consequently, (4) remediation costs. In this chapter, we present conventional technologies for free product recovery from the practical and theoretical viewpoints: pump-and-treat, skimming, bioslurping, and recovery trenches. This chapter describes the advantages and limitations of these techniques, and discusses innovative technologies such as thermal and chemical enhancement (i.e., surfactants), which aim to increase free product recovery yields and rates.

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Acknowledgments

A part of this research was carried out within the framework of the SILPHES project funded by ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency). The authors acknowledge the BRGM/D3E division, for its financial support within the MULTISCALEXPER project fund. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support also provided to the PIVOTS project by the Centre-Val de Loire region (ARD 2020 program and CPER 2015-2020), and the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (CPER 2015–2020 and public service subsidy to BRGM). This operation is co-funded by the European Union. Europe is committed to the Centre-Val de Loire region by way of the European Regional Development Fund.

The authors would like to thank David Cazaux (Inovyn), Antoine Joubert (Serpol), Nicolas Fatin-Rouge and Julien Maire (UTINAM), Benoit Paris and Quentin Giraud (INTERA), and Pierre-Yves Klein (REMEA) and Guillaume Masselot (ADEME) for allowing us to disclose the second case study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BRGM (French Geological Survey), Orléans, France

    Stéfan Colombano, Hossein Davarzani, Ioannis Ignatiadis, Sagyn Omirbekov & Dominique Guyonnet

  2. Institut de physique du globe de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France

    Eric D. van Hullebusch

  3. Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, Université Gustave Eiffel, Champs-sur-Marne, France

    David Huguenot

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Correspondence to Stéfan Colombano .

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  1. Institut de physique du globe de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France

    Eric D. van Hullebusch

  2. Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, Université Gustave Eiffel, Champs-sur-Marne, France

    David Huguenot

  3. Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, Université Gustave Eiffel, Champs-sur-Marne, France

    Yoan Pechaud

  4. Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France

    Marie-Odile Simonnot

  5. BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France

    Stéfan Colombano

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Colombano, S. et al. (2020). Free Product Recovery of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids in Contaminated Sites: Theory and Case Studies. In: van Hullebusch, E., Huguenot, D., Pechaud, Y., Simonnot, MO., Colombano, S. (eds) Environmental Soil Remediation and Rehabilitation. Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40348-5_2

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