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Plant Responses and Tolerance to Extreme Salinity: Learning from Halophyte Tolerance to Extreme Salinity

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Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants

Part of the book series: Signaling and Communication in Plants ((SIGCOMM))

Abstract

Salinity is one of the major problems facing agricultural production worldwide, particularly in arid and semiarid environments. Unfortunately, most major economic crops (glycophytes) cannot tolerate saline conditions, even at low concentrations (<40 mM NaCl). Halophytes are tolerant of high salinities, up to 200 mM NaCl. Therefore, there is increased interest in the production of new cultivars that have the potential to produce higher yields under saline conditions. There is also research interest in understanding the various strategies, including salt tolerance and salt avoidance, that halophytes use to adapt to saline conditions, besides conventional habits like accumulation of compatible solutes and polyamine production. Additionally, halophytes use a number of complicated mechanisms to grow and reproduce under such harsh conditions, such as regulating ion concentrations in cells, exuding excessive salt from plant tissues, and eliminating salts via glands and hairs to keep salt concentrations in leaves and shoots below a certain threshold. Some halophytes produce high leaf/stem succulence or accumulate excessive salt in old leaves. Other species use ion accumulation and control plant growth to cope with salinity. In this chapter we discuss the classification and distribution of halophytes and their potential role as resources for humankind (food, oil, forage, and biofuel). Glycophyte growth is affected by high salinity, which can lead to plant death. Therefore, glycophytes use various strategies to enhance growth under salinity stress, such as producing salt-tolerant genotypes and using different mechanisms—like excretion of salt ions and salt sequestration—to improve growth and productivity. Salinity stress reduces glycophyte growth due to its negative effects on the metabolism and phytohormone levels, such as cytokinin and gibberellic acid. In addition, high salt levels have an adverse effect on water relations and disturb the nutritional balance in plant cells.

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Abbreviations

GA:

Gibberellic acid

ABA:

Abscisic acid

IAA:

Indole acetic acid

CK:

Cytokinins

JA:

Jasmonates

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching coefficient

PV:

Perennial vine

PSh:

Perennial shrub

PSuSh:

Perennial succulent shrub

PPP:

Parasitic perennial plant

SuP:

Submerged plant

Sh:

Shrub

SSh:

Subshrubs

F:

Fern

V:

Vine

T:

Tree

RGR:

Relative growth rate

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  1. Citrus Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt

    Waleed Fouad Abobatta

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    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Mohsin Tanveer

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Abobatta, W.F. (2020). Plant Responses and Tolerance to Extreme Salinity: Learning from Halophyte Tolerance to Extreme Salinity. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Tanveer, M. (eds) Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants. Signaling and Communication in Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40277-8_7

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