Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Urban Resilience and Spatial Economics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Spatial Economics Volume II

Abstract

The concept of resilience, which was first introduced during the 1970s in the field of ecology, has since been used and analysed in many different disciplinary fields. Even though the resilience concept is not a new one, it still attracts attention in various scholarly domains and disciplines, such as economics, or sociology, in order to understand the process of anticipating, adapting and recovering in the face of major threats or shocks. The concept itself, however, is not easy to operationalise in practice. The existence of various types of definitions and interpretations from different fields and studies leads to a very complex analysis framework for measuring and analysing the resilience concept. Therefore, it is crucial to interpret the concept in all its dimensions, determinants and levels within a new and broader framework for both the natural and social sciences. In this chapter, we look at the urban resilience concept from a multidimensional perspective, in order to define and measure it in an appropriate operational way within an urban context. The aim of this chapter is thus to present a new framework for urban resilience with an additional dimension which is called ‘spatiality’, by taking into account the spatial advantages and disadvantages of existing definitions of urban resilience in the literature. The spatiality dimension includes the spatial characteristics of urban areas, such as urban morphology, urban size, transport network patterns and accessibility. This study is a novel attempt to map out the spatial characteristics of urban areas in the context of urban resilience with emphasis on spatial units, spatial heterogeneity and spatial correlation issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahern, J. (2011). From Fail-Safe to Safe-to-Fail: Sustainability and Resilience in the New Urban World. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 341–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, P., Bryant, M., Wirsching, C., Garcia, D., & Teresa Rodriguez, M. (2013). The Influence of Urban Morphology on the Resilience of Cities Following an Earthquake. Journal of Urban Design, 18(2), 242–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allenby, B., & Fink, J. (2005). Toward Inherently Secure and Resilient Societies. Science, 309(5737), 1034–1036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association (APA). (2019, February 12). The Road to Resilience. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.

  • ARUP. (2014). City Resilience Framework. The Rockefeller Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barasa, E., Mbau, R., & Gilson, L. (2018). What Is Resilience and How Can It Be Nurtured? A Systematic Review of Empirical Literature on Organizational Resilience. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(6), 491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batabyal, A., Kourtit, K., & Nijkamp, P. (forthcoming). The Use of Resilience in Regional Science: Five Outstanding Issues, Entropy, Complexity and Spatial Dynamics. In A. Reggiani, L. Schintler, & D. Czamanski (Eds.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (1998). Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2003). Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to Loss and Potential Trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 511–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boon, H. J., Cottrell, A., King, D., Stevenson, R. B., & Millar, J. (2012). Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory for Modelling Community Resilience to Natural Disasters. Natural Hazards, 60(2), 381–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, D., & Nicholson, H. (2016). Public Space and Recovery: Learning from Post-Earthquake Christchurch. Journal of Urban Design, 21(2), 159–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Reis, H. T., & Zautra, A. J. (2011). Social Resilience. American Psychologist, 66(1), 43–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, H., Lam, N. S., Qiang, Y., Zou, L., Correll, R. M., & Mihunov, V. (2018). A Synthesis of Disaster Resilience Measurement Methods and Indices. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 844–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campanella, T. J. (2006). Urban Resilience and the Recovery of New Orleans. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(2), 141–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, S. (2016). The Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30): A New Multidimensional Construct Measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1787.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapple, K., & Lester, T. W. (2010). The Resilient Regional Labour Market? The US Case. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 85–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coaffee, J. (2013). Rescaling and Responsibilising the Politics of Urban Resilience: From National Security to Local Place-Making. Politics, 33(4), 240–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Condeço-Melhorado, A., Reggiani, A., & Gutiérrez, J. (Eds.). (2014). Accessibility and Spatial Interaction. Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L. (2016). The Landscape of Disaster Resilience Indicators in the USA. Natural Hazards, 80(2), 741–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency Management. Geography, 1(7), 2301–2306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, S. (2011). Regional Resilience in the 2008–2010 Downturn: Comparative Evidence from European Countries. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4(3), 369–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., Quinlan, A. E., Peterson, G. D., Wilkinson, C., … Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience: A Bridging Concept or a Dead End? “Reframing” Resilience: Challenges for Planning Theory and Practice Interacting Traps: Resilience Assessment of a Pasture Management System in Northern Afghanistan Urban Resilience: What Does It Mean in Planning Practice? Resilience as a Useful Concept for Climate Change Adaptation? The Politics of Resilience for Planning: A Cautionary Note: Edited by Simin Davoudi and Libby Porter. Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2), 299–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Montis, A., Ganciu, A., Cabras, M., Bardi, A., Peddio, V., Caschili, S., et al. (2019). Resilient Ecological Networks: A Comparative Approach. Land Use Policy, 89, 104207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Ramos, G. C., & Guibrunet, L. (2017). Assessing the Ecological Dimension of Urban Resilience and Sustainability. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 9(2), 151–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, N., & Jenks, M. (2010). The Future of the Compact City. Built Environment, 36(1), 116–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Caro, P. (2014). Recessions, Recoveries and Regional Resilience: Evidence on Italy. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(2), 273–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993). Resilience as Process. Development and Psychopathology, 5(4), 517–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eizenberg, E., & Jabareen, Y. (2017). Social Sustainability: A New Conceptual Framework. Sustainability, 9(1), 68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo, L., Honiden, T., & Schumann, A. (2018). Indicators for Resilient Cities (No. 2018/02). OECD Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingleton, B., Garretsen, H., & Martin, R. (2012). Recessionary Shocks and Regional Employment: Evidence on the Resilience of UK Regions. Journal of Regional Science, 52(1), 109–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective for Social–Ecological Systems Analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, K. A. (2007). A Case Study Approach to Understanding Regional Resilience. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/obitstream/10419/59413/1/592535347.pdf.

  • Fraser, M. W., Galinsky, M. J., & Richman, J. M. (1999). Risk, Protection, and Resilience: Toward a Conceptual Framework for Social Work Practice. Social Work Research, 23(3), 131–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, T. G., Thompson, C. M., Dezzani, R. J., & Butsick, D. (2013). Spatial and Temporal Quantification of Resilience at the Community Scale. Applied Geography, 42, 95–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, X., & Wang, X. (2018). Developing an Integrative Urban Resilience Capacity Index for Plan Making. Environment Systems and Decisions, 38(3), 367–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, B. M., Chaboyer, W., & Wallis, M. (2007). Development of a Theoretically Derived Model of Resilience Through Concept Analysis. Contemporary Nurse, 25(1–2), 124–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, L. F. (2011). Multidimensional Evaluation Processes to Manage Creative, Resilient and Sustainable City. Aestimum, 59, 123–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, J. E. (1978). Structures. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson, L. H. (2000). Ecological Resilience—In Theory and Application. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31(1), 425–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hege, H. (2012, October). Compact City Development: High Ideals and Emerging Practices. European Journal of Spatial Development, Refereed article No. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegney, D. G., Buikstra, E., Baker, P., Rogers-Clark, C., Pearce, S., Ross, H., King, C., & Watson-Luke, A. (2007). Individual Resilience in Rural People: A Queensland Study, Australia. Rural and Remote Health, 7(4), 620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E., Wial, H., & Wolman, H. (2008). Exploring Regional Economic Resilience (No. 2008, 04). Working Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Rcology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S. (1996). Engineering Resilience Versus Ecological Resilience. In P. E. Schulze (Ed.), Engineering Within Ecological Constraints (pp. 31–43). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the Resilient City: Concepts and Strategies for Coping with Climate Change and Environmental Risk. Cities, 31, 220–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimhi, S. (2016). Levels of Resilience: Associations Among Individual, Community, and National Resilience. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(2), 164–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. J., Nicholls, R. J., & Thomalla, F. (2003). Resilience to Natural Hazards: How Useful Is This Concept? Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 5(1), 35–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knoop, V. L., Snelder, M., van Zuylen, H. J., & Hoogendoorn, S. P. (2012). Link-Level Vulnerability Indicators for Real-World Networks. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(5), 843–854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa, S. C. (1982). The Hardy Personality: Toward a Social Psychology of Stress and Health. In G. S. Sanders & J. Suls (Eds.), Social Psychology of Health and Illness. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontokosta, C. E., & Malik, A. (2018). The Resilience to Emergencies and Disasters Index: Applying Big Data to Benchmark and Validate Neighborhood Resilience Capacity. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 272–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, T. (2010). Urban Resilience and New Institutional Theory – A Happy Couple for Urban and Regional Studies. InGerman Annual of Spatial Research and Policy 2010 (pp. 15–24). Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapuh, L. (2018). Socio-Economic Characteristics of Resilient Localities – Experiences from Slovenia. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 5(1), 149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate Change and Urban Resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S. A., Barrett, S., Aniyar, S., Baumol, W., Bliss, C., Bolin, B., et al. (1998). Resilience in Natural and Socioeconomic Systems. Environment and Development Economics, 3(2), 221–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, P., & Stead, D. (2013). Understanding the Notion of Resilience in Spatial Planning: A Case Study of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Cities, 35, 200–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D., & Derickson, K. D. (2012). From Resilience to Resourcefulness: A Critique of Resilience Policy and Activism. Progress in Human Geography, 37(2), 253–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makido, Y., Dhakal, S., & Yamagata, Y. (2012). Relationship Between Urban Form and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Fifty Japanese Cities. Urban Climate, 2, 55–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. (2012). Regional Economic Resilience, Hysteresis and Recessionary Shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2014). Global Perspectives on Resilience in Children and Youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matyas, D., & Pelling, M. (2015). Positioning Resilience for 2015: The Role of Resistance, Incremental Adjustment and Transformation in Disaster Risk Management Policy. Disasters, 39(s1), s1–s18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining Urban Resilience: A Review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1–2), 127–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2014). Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level 2014. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/mcm/C-MIN(2014)7-ENG.pdf.

  • Patel, R., & Nosal, L. (2016). Defining the Resilient City. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, Working Paper, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S. T., Cadenasso, M. L., & Grove, J. M. (2004). Resilient Cities: Meaning, Models, and Metaphor for Integrating the Ecological, Socio-Economic, and Planning Realms. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(4), 369–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimm, S. L. (1984). The Complexity and Stability of Ecosystems. Nature, 307(5949), 321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reggiani, A., De Graaff, T., & Nijkamp, P. (2002). Resilience: An Evolutionary Approach to Spatial Economic Systems. Networks and Spatial Economics, 2(2), 211–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reggiani, A., Nijkamp, P., & Lanzi, D. (2015). Transport Resilience and Vulnerability: The Role of Connectivity. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 81, 4–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. (2017). Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience from a Societal, Environmental and Security Perspective. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rus, K., Kilar, V., & Koren, D. (2018). Resilience Assessment of Complex Urban Systems to Natural Disasters: A New Literature Review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 311–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, A. X., Van der Heijden, J., & Osmond, P. (2018). The City Politics of an Urban Age: Urban Resilience Conceptualisations and Policies. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiappacasse, P., & Müller, B. (2015). Planning Green Infrastructure as a Source of Urban and Regional Resilience – Towards Institutional Challenges. Urbani Izziv, 26, S13–S24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schirmer, P. M., & Axhausen, K. W. (2016). A Multiscale Classification of Urban Morphology. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9(1), 101–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2016). Principles and Criteria for Assessing Urban Energy Resilience: A Literature Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1654–1677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmie, J., & Martin, R. (2010). The Economic Resilience of Regions: Towards an Evolutionary Approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience Definitions, Theory, and Challenges: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, M., van de Leemput, I. A., & Peeters, E. T. (2017). How to Conceptualize and Operationalize Resilience in Socio-Ecological Systems? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 28, 108–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanstrom, T. (2008). Regional Resilience: A Critical Examination of the Ecological Framework (No. 2008, 07). Working Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanstrom, T., Chapple, K., & Immergluck, D. (2009). Regional Resilience in the Face of Foreclosures: Evidence from Six Metropolitan Areas. (No. 2009, 05). Working Paper, University of California, Institute of Urban and Regional Development (IURD), Berkeley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S., Keegan, C., Barry, S., Layte, R., Jowett, M., & Normand, C. (2013). A Framework for Assessing Health System Resilience in an Economic Crisis: Ireland as a Test Case. BMC Health Services Research, 13(1), 450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ultramari, C., & Rezende, D. (2007). Urban Resilience and Slow Motion Disasters. City & Time, 2(3), 47–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-Habitat. (2018). City Resilience Profiling Tool. Retrieved from http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CRPT-Guide.pdf.

  • Van Breda, A. D. (2018). A Critical Review of Resilience Theory and Its Relevance for Social Work. Social Work, 54(1), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vromans, M. J., Dekker, R., & Kroon, L. G. (2006). Reliability and Heterogeneity of Railway Services. European Journal of Operational Research, 172(2), 647–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, I., & Breil, P. (2013). The Role of Ecohydrology in Creating More Resilient Cities. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 13(2), 113–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social--ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2), 5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (2006). Strengthening Family Resilience (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Deng, X., Wong, C., Li, Z., & Chen, J. (2018). Learning Urban Resilience from a Social-Economic-Ecological System Perspective: A Case Study of Beijing from 1978 to 2015. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 343–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winderl, T. (2014). Disaster Resilience Measurements: Stocktaking of Ongoing Efforts in Developing Systems for Measuring Resilience. Retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/files/37916_disasterresiliencemeasurementsundpt.pdf.

  • World Bank. (2012). Building Urban Resilience: Principles, Tools and Practice. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., Ren, C., Ma, P., Ho, J., Wang, W., Lau, K. K. L., et al. (2017). Urban Morphology Detection and Computation for Urban Climate Research. Landscape and Urban Planning, 167, 212–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, P. P., & Quan, S. J. (2016). Urban Form and Energy Resilient Strategies: A Case Study of the Manhattan Grid. InUrban Resilience (pp. 153–172). Cham: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, H., Liu, Y., Liu, C., & Fan, F. (2018). Spatiotemporal Variation and Inequality in China’s Economic Resilience Across Cities and Urban Agglomerations. Sustainability, 10(12), 4754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, H., Wan, J., & Jia, H. (2010). Resilience to Natural Hazards: A Geographic Perspective. Natural Hazards, 53(1), 21–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, IZTECH, İzmir, Turkey

    Zeynep Elburz

  2. JADS (Jheronimus Academy of Data Science), ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands

    Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp

  3. A.I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania

    Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp

Authors
  1. Zeynep Elburz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karima Kourtit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter Nijkamp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept of Economics & Finance, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy

    Stefano Colombo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Elburz, Z., Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P. (2021). Urban Resilience and Spatial Economics. In: Colombo, S. (eds) Spatial Economics Volume II. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40094-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40094-1_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40093-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-40094-1

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation