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Lake District

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Landscapes and Landforms of England and Wales

Part of the book series: World Geomorphological Landscapes ((WGLC))

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Abstract

The English Lake District is renowned for its glacial erosional landforms that exploited a radial drainage pattern developed on a pre-Neogene tectonically updomed bedrock surface. Accordant summit surfaces have been ascribed to peneplanation , but little is known about longer timescale landscape evolution. Repeated Quaternary glaciation has given rise to a landscape signature indicative of ice sheet inundation, such as the lake-filled overdeepened and U-shaped valleys, as well as the products of more restricted mountain icefields that give rise to an erosional signature representative of average glacial conditions, such as the 158 cirques of the region. Depositional evidence for older glaciations is patchy and occurs only in stratigraphic sequences on the west Cumbrian coastal lowlands and below the MIS 5e Troutbeck Palaeosol near Threlkeld. Although complex depositional sequences record former ice sheet incursion and ice-dammed lake formation during the LGM on the Cumbrian coastal lowlands and western valley mouths of Wasdale and Ennerdale, the most prominent glacial landforms date to the Younger Dryas . Debates have centred on the style of glacierization at this time, with the notion of an “alpine style” of restricted valley head and cirque glaciers being replaced more recently with one of plateau icefields and some satellite cirque glaciers. Non-glacial features include rock slope failures , hillslope deposits and fluvial systems, the activity of which is thought to have been more important during the early stages of the paraglacial cycle, with activity and sediment yields diminishing over time as glacigenic sediment stores become exhausted. Ongoing adjustments of the deglaciated slopes and valley fills are part of what is known as “rejuvenated” and “renewed” paraglacial responses, relating to the crossing of geomorphic stability thresholds in the remaining stored sediments triggered by climate change, extreme meteorological events, neotectonics, or anthropogenic (e.g. agricultural) activity. Ongoing cold climate processes are also manifest in high altitude periglacial features, such as patterned ground , and contribute along with rock mass failure to the accumulation of scree slopes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    David J. A. Evans

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  1. David J. A. Evans
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Correspondence to David J. A. Evans .

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  1. School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

    Andrew Goudie

  2. Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland

    Piotr Migoń

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Evans, D.J.A. (2020). Lake District. In: Goudie, A., Migoń, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of England and Wales. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38957-4_27

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