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Climate Change, Biotechnology, and Mexican Neotropical Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms

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Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World

Abstract

Currently, the greatest environmental challenge faced by humankind is climate change. With certainty, we can state that there is no spot on the planet that has remained unaffected by the human being. We live in a geological era that can be accurately called the Anthropocene, from the Greek ἄνθρωπος anthropos = human being and καινός kainos = new. There are two opinions regarding the starting point of this geological era: the invention of agriculture or the industrial revolution. One of the characteristics of the Anthropocene is the mass extinction of living beings, mainly originated by the destruction of natural ecosystems as a result of human activities. The planet lives deforestation rates, never seen before in its recent history. Large forest areas of the planet, in low latitudes, high altitudes with low mineralization rates, are dominated by a symbiosis called ectomycorrhiza according to the newly proposed “Read’s rule”. The ectomycorrhiza is established between more than 20,000 species of fungi and around 8500 species of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Frequently, this symbiosis of a mutualistic nature is obligatory for the plants that establish it. Through this mutualistic symbiosis, the involved fungi receive carbon sources crucial for their survival, and in return they provide nutrients to their associated hosts, as well as greater resistance to stress factors such as drought, presence of potentially toxic elements, low fertility, and pathogens. Despite these known facts, there are several countries that have not incorporated the application of ectomycorrhizal inoculants in their plant production programs for reforestation, afforestation, forest plantations, or restoration of areas. As a consequence, in these countries, the tree survival rates have been historically low. Mexico occupies the eighth place in terms of forested area in the world. Paradoxically, at the same time, the country has had historically one of the highest deforestation rates in the world. In Mexico, ectomycorrhizal inoculation has not been incorporated in the massive plant production with reforestation purposes; as a consequence, the survival rates when transplanting trees from greenhouse or nurseries to field conditions, ranges for example for pines between 0% and 20% at national level. In this scenario, and taking into account that the country is one of the largest genetic centers of biodiversity of edible wild mushrooms, during the last two decades, the authors of this chapter have been developing a line of research related to controlled inoculation using ectomycorrhizal edible fungi. This chapter presents a synthesis of more than 100 combinations evaluated, a summarized analysis of the results obtained, and an evaluation of the challenges to be faced in the future for the application of such technology in the production of ectomycorrhized plants with forest importance in the country, with the subsequent success in reforestations, carbon sequestration, and global change mitigation.

As for the future, it is not a question of predicting it, but of making it possible

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Citadelle (1948)

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Acknowledgements

The credit pictures are as follows: Fig. 3.1d is from Jazmín Cortes-Sarabia and Fig. 3.6e–g are from Violeta Carrasco-Hernández. All of the other figures are from the authors of this chapter. Jesús Pérez-Moreno acknowledges the financial support from CONACyT 2018-07-01EXTV and COMECyT EST2018-005 to develop a sabbatical stay at the Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China. The authors acknowledge funding from the CONACyT project “Biotechnologies of highly-prized or bioculturally-important edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms for reforestation with native Mexican trees using frontier scientific methodologies”.

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  1. Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Edafología, Texcoco, estado de México​, Mexico

    Jesús Pérez-Moreno, Magdalena Martínez-Reyes, Faustino Hernández-Santiago & Ivette Ortiz-Lopez

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  1. Jesús Pérez-Moreno
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  2. Magdalena Martínez-Reyes
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  3. Faustino Hernández-Santiago
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  4. Ivette Ortiz-Lopez
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Correspondence to Jesús Pérez-Moreno .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiología, Edafología Campus Montecillo Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, China

    Jesús Pérez-Moreno

  2. Microbial Systems for Plant Protection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand

    Alexis Guerin-Laguette

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala

    Roberto Flores Arzú

  4. Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

    Fu-Qiang Yu

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Pérez-Moreno, J., Martínez-Reyes, M., Hernández-Santiago, F., Ortiz-Lopez, I. (2020). Climate Change, Biotechnology, and Mexican Neotropical Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms. In: Pérez-Moreno, J., Guerin-Laguette, A., Flores Arzú, R., Yu, FQ. (eds) Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37378-8_3

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