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Membrane Vesicles from the Gut Microbiota and Their Interactions with the Host

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Bacterial Membrane Vesicles

Abstract

Gut microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and human health. Microbiota establishes a complex network of dynamic and reciprocal interactions with the intestinal epithelium and immune system. The mucin layer that covers the epithelium prevents luminal bacteria from accessing host cells. Thus, microbiota–host communication mainly relies on secreted factors and membrane vesicles (MVs), which can cross the inner mucus layer and reach the epithelium. This chapter focuses on the role of microbiota-secreted MVs as key players in signaling processes in the intestinal mucosa. This is an emerging research topic, with the first reports dating from 2012. Microbiota-derived MVs are involved in interspecies communication in the gut, between bacteria and between microbiota and host. Here we present current knowledge on the mechanisms used by microbiota MVs to assist and control the gut microbial community and to modulate host immune and defense responses. Constant stimulation of immune receptors by microbiota MVs results in tightly controlled inflammation that contributes to tolerogenic responses essential to maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Moreover, gut microbiota MVs are emerging as physical vehicles for distribution and delivery of bacterial effectors to distal tissues in human health and disease.

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Abbreviations

BMCDs:

bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

CME:

clathrin-mediated endocytosis

DCs:

dendritic cells

DSS:

dextran sodium sulfate

Gadd45α:

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein,

GI:

gastrointestinal

HFD:

high-fat diet

IBD:

inflammatory bowel disease

IECs:

intestinal epithelial cells

iNOS:

inducible nitric oxide synthase

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

MAMPs:

microbial-associated molecular patterns

miRNAs:

microRNAs

MMP:

matrix metalloprotease

MUC:

mucin

MVs:

membrane vesicles

ncRNAs:

non coding RNAs

NOD:

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein

PGN:

peptidoglycan

PRRs:

pattern-recognition receptors

PSA:

polysaccharide A

RIP2:

receptor-interacting protein 2

TFF-3:

trefoil factor 3

Th:

T helper

TLRs:

tol-like receptors

TNBS:

2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid

Treg:

regulatory T cells

ZO:

zonula occludens

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Josefa Badia & Laura Baldomà

  2. Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain

    Josefa Badia & Laura Baldomà

Authors
  1. Josefa Badia
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  2. Laura Baldomà
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Correspondence to Laura Baldomà .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos

  2. Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

    Thomas A. Kufer

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Badia, J., Baldomà, L. (2020). Membrane Vesicles from the Gut Microbiota and Their Interactions with the Host. In: Kaparakis-Liaskos, M., Kufer, T. (eds) Bacterial Membrane Vesicles. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36331-4_9

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