Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Arrhythmias in Myocarditis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Myocarditis

Abstract

Myocarditis can be complicated by both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The arrhythmic burden and the underlying mechanisms vary between the acute and chronic setting, depending on the relative impact of acute inflammation versus post-inflammatory myocardial fibrosis. In the acute phase, ventricular arrhythmias vary from simple isolated ventricular ectopic beats to complex and life-threatening tachycardias that can lead to sudden death. Atrioventricular blocks are typical of specific forms of myocarditis, such as giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, and bacterial myocarditis. Supraventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation can also be observed in case of atrial inflammation. In the chronic phase, mechanisms that may explain the occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias include recurrent myocarditis or persistent myocardial inflammation, residual left ventricular dysfunction, and post-inflammatory myocardial scar.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Caforio ALP, Marcolongo R, Basso C, Iliceto S. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of myocarditis. Heart. 2015;101(16):1332–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, Frustaci A, Jessup M, Kuhl U, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(19):1914–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baksi AJ, Kanaganayagam GS, Prasad SK. Arrhythmias in viral myocarditis and pericarditis. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2015;7:269–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C. 2015 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death summarized by co-chairs. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(41):2757–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Caforio ALP, Calabrese F, Angelini A, Tona F, Vinci A, Bottaro S, et al. A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(11):1326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Grün S, Schumm J, Greulich S, Wagner A, Schneider S, Bruder O, et al. Long-term follow-up of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(18):1604–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anzini M, Merlo M, Sabbadini G, Barbati G, Finocchiaro G, Pinamonti B, et al. Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis. Circulation. 2013;128(22):2384–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson BR, Silver ES, Richmond ME, Liberman L. Usefulness of arrhythmias as predictors of death and resource utilization in children with myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114(9):1400–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Imazio M, Trinchero R. Myopericarditis: etiology, management, and prognosis. Int J Cardiol. 2008;127(1):17–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ukena C, Mahfoud F, Kindermann I, Kandolf R, Kindermann M, BÖhm M. Prognostic electrocardiographic parameters in patients with suspected myocarditis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(4):398–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Begieneman MPV, Emmens RW, Rijvers L, Kubat B, Paulus WJ, Vonk ABA, et al. Ventricular myocarditis coincides with atrial myocarditis in patients. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2016;25(2):141–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Habara M, Fujieda H, Nakamura Y. Images in cardiology - atrial myocarditis: a possible cause of idiopathic enlargement of bilateral atria. Heart. 2006;92(6):842.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Larsen B, Maleszewski J, Edwards W, Cooper L Jr, Sobonya R, Thompson E, et al. Atrial giant cell myocarditis: a distinctive clinicopathologic entity. Circulation. 2013;127(1):39–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Frustaci A, Cameli S, Zeppilli P. Biopsy evidence of atrial myocarditis in an athlete developing transient sinoatrial disease. Chest. 1995;108(5):1460–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schnabel RB, Larson MG, Yamamoto JF, Kathiresan S, Rong J, Levy D, et al. Relation of multiple inflammatory biomarkers to incident atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(1):92–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Marcus GM, Smith LM, Ordovas K, Scheinman MM, Kim AM, Badhwar N, et al. Intracardiac and extracardiac markers of inflammation during atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(2):149–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah D, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(10):659–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Basso C, Corrado D, Rossi L, Thiene G. Ventricular preexcitation in children and young adults: atrial myocarditis as a possible trigger of sudden death. Circulation. 2001;103(2):269–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jais P, Haissaguerre M, Shah D, Chouairi S, Gencel L, Hocini M, et al. A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation. Circulation. 1997;95(3):572–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah D, Garrigue S, Takahashi A, Lervegne T, et al. Electrophysiological end point for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation initiated from multiple pulmonary venous foci. Circulation. 2000;101(12):1409–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Haissaguerre M, Shah D, Jais P, Hocini M, Yamane T, Deisenhofer I, et al. Electrophysiological breakthroughs from the left atrium to the pulmonary veins. Circulation. 2000;102(20):2463–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Katritsis DG, Boriani G, Cosio FG, Hindricks G, Jais P, Josephson ME, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardiaca y Elect. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(16):1442–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1997;96(4):1180–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cooper LT, Berry GJ, Shabetai R. Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis—natural history and treatment. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(26):1860–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cooper LT, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC, et al. Usefulness of Immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(11):1535–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Maleszewski J, Orellana V, Hodge D, Kuhl U, Schultheiss H, Cooper L. Long-term risk of recurrence, morbidity and mortality in giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(12):1733–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kandolin R, Lehtonen J, Salmenkivi K, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Lommi J, Kupari M. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of giant-cell myocarditis in the era of combined immunosuppression. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6(1):15–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ekstrom K, Lehtonen J, Kandolin R, Raisanen-Sokolowski A, Salmenkivi K, Kupari M. Long-term outcome and its predictors in giant cell myocarditis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(12):1452–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Francone M, Chimenti C, Galea N, Scopelliti F, Verardo R, Galea R, et al. CMR sensitivity varies with clinical presentation and extent of cell necrosis in biopsy-proven acute myocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(3):254–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hamzeh N, Steckman DA, Sauer WH, Judson MA. Pathophysiology and clinical management of cardiac sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:278–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Baughman RP, Grutters JC. New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:813–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Facco M, Cabrelle A, Teramo A, Olivieri V, Gnoato M, Teolato S, et al. Sarcoidosis is a Th1/Th17 multisystem disorder. Thorax. 2011;66(2):144–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Caforio ALP, Adler Y, Agostini C, Allanore Y, Anastasakis A, Arad M, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocardial involvement in systemic immune-mediated diseases: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:2649–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. HF MA, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S. Lyme carditis: An important cause of reversible heart block. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:339–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Celik T, Selimov N, Vekilova A, Kursaklioglu H, Iyisoy A, Kilic S, et al. Prognostic significance of electrocardiographic abnormalities in diphtheritic myocarditis after hospital discharge: a long-term follow-up study. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2006;11(1):28–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Rassi A, Rassi A, Little WC, Xavier SS, Rassi SG, Rassi AG, et al. Development and validation of a risk score for predicting death in Chagas’ heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):799–808.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Topaz O, Edwards JE. Pathologic features of sudden death in children, adolescents, and young adults. Chest. 1985;87(4):476–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Neuspiel DR, Kuller LH. Sudden and unexpected natural death in childhood and adolescence. JAMA. 1985;254(10):1321–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Phillips M, Robinowitz M, Higgins JR, Boran KJ, Reed T, Virmani R. Sudden cardiac death in air force recruits. JAMA. 1986;256(19):2696.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Drory Y, Kramer M, Lev B. Exertional sudden death in soldiers. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1991;23(2):147–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Eckart RE, Scoville SL, Campbell CL, Shry EA, Stajduhar KC, Potter RN, et al. Sudden death in young adults: a 25-year review of autopsies in military recruits. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:829–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Puranik R, Chow CK, Duflou JA, Kilborn MJ, McGuire MA. Sudden death in the young. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2(12):1277–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. J Am Med Assoc. 2006;296(13):1593–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes analysis of 1866 deaths in the united states, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1085–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. de Noronha SV, Sharma S, Papadakis M, Desai S, Whyte G, Sheppard MN. Aetiology of sudden cardiac death in athletes in the United Kingdom: a pathological study. Heart. 2009;95(17):1409–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL, et al. Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1–35 years. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(8):983–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Meyer L, Stubbs B, Fahrenbruch C, Maeda C, Harmon K, Eisenberg M, et al. Incidence, causes, and survival trends from cardiovascular-related sudden cardiac arrest in children and young adults 0 to 35 years of age: a 30-year review. Circulation. 2012;126(11):1363–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pilmer CM, Porter B, Kirsh JA, Hicks AL, Gledhill N, Jamnik V, et al. Scope and nature of sudden cardiac death before age 40 in Ontario: a report from the cardiac death advisory committee of the office of the chief coroner. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10(4):517–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Maleszewski JJ, Lopez-Anderson M, Owens D, Prutkin JM, et al. Pathogeneses of sudden cardiac death in national collegiate athletic association athletes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(2):198–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Harmon KG, Asif IM, Maleszewski JJ, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, Salerno JC, et al. Incidence and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death in high school athletes in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(11):1493–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Murphy CJ, Garberich RF. Demographics and epidemiology of sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: from the United States National Registry. Am J Med. 2016;129(11):1170–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gräni C, Chappex N, Fracasso T, Vital C, Kellerhals C, Schmied C, et al. Sports-related sudden cardiac death in Switzerland classified by static and dynamic components of exercise. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(11):1228–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L, et al. A prospective study of sudden cardiac death among children and young adults. Supplementary appendix. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(25):2441–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Robertus JL, Dhutia H, Steriotis AK, Tome M, et al. Etiology of sudden death in sports insights from a United Kingdom Regional Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(18):2108–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wisten A, Krantz P, Stattin EL. Sudden cardiac death among the young in Sweden from 2000 to 2010: an autopsy-based study. Europace. 2017;19(8):1327–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Thiene G. Sudden cardiac death in the young: a genetic destiny? Clin Med J R Coll Phys Lond. 2018;18:s17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Punja M, Mark DG, McCoy JV, Javan R, Pines JM, Brady W. Electrocardiographic manifestations of cardiac infectious-inflammatory disorders. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28:364–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Yilmaz A, Mahrholdt H, Athanasiadis A, Vogelsberg H, Meinhardt G, Voehringer M, et al. Coronary vasospasm as the underlying cause for chest pain in patients with PVB19 myocarditis. Heart. 2008;94(11):1456–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1475–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Pinamonti B, Alberti E, Cigalotto A, Dreas L, Salvi A, Silvestri F, et al. Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62(4):285–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. de Lazzari M, Zorzi A, Baritussio A, Siciliano M, Migliore F, Susana A, et al. Relationship between T-wave inversion and transmural myocardial edema as evidenced by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with clinically suspected acute myocarditis: clinical and prognostic implications. J Electrocardiol. 2016;49(4):587–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Saito J, Niwano S, Niwano H, Inomata T, Yumoto Y, Ikeda K, et al. Electrical remodeling of the ventricular myocardium in myocarditis: studies of rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Circ J. 2002;66(1):97–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Eitel I, Lücke C, Grothoff M, Sareban M, Schuler G, Thiele H, et al. Inflammation in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(2):422–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Akashi YJ, Goldstein DS, Barbara G, Ueyama T. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy a new form of acute, reversible heart failure. Circulation. 2008;118(25):2754–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Li Y, Ge S, Peng Y, Chen X. Inflammation and cardiac dysfunction during sepsis, muscular dystrophy, and myocarditis. Burn Trauma. 2013;1(3):109–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhang A, Zhang H, Wu S. Immunomodulation by atorvastatin upregulates expression of gap junction proteins in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis. Inflamm Res. 2010;59(4):255–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Frustaci A, Verardo R, Caldarulo M, Acconcia MC, Russo MA, Chimenti C. Myocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients presenting acute clinical deterioration. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(6):733–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Basso C, Ronco F, Marcus F, Abudureheman A, Rizzo S, Frigo AC, et al. Quantitative assessment of endomyocardial biopsy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: an in vitro validation of diagnostic criteria. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(22):2760–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Maseri A, Frustaci A. Histologic findings in patients with clinical and instrumental diagnosis of sporadic arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(12):2305–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bowles NE, Ni J, Marcus F, Towbin JA. The detection of cardiotropic viruses in the myocardium of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(5):892–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Keaney LC, Kilding AE, Merien F, Dulson DK. The impact of sport related stressors on immunity and illness risk in team-sport athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21:1192–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Moreira A, Mortatti AL, Arruda AFS, Freitas CG, de Arruda M, Aoki MS. Salivary IgA response and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms during a 21-week competitive season in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(2):467–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Fahlman MM, Engels HJ. Mucosal IgA and URTI in American college football players: a year longitudinal study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(3):374–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Zhao G, Zhou S, Davie A, Su Q. Effects of moderate and high intensity exercise on T1/T2 balance. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2012;18:97–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gleeson M, Pyne DB. Respiratory inflammation and infections in high-performance athletes. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94:124–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, et al. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation task force on clinical expert consensus documents and the European S. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1687–713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Harmon KG, Asif IM, Maleszewski JJ, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, Salerno JC, et al. Incidence, cause, and comparative frequency of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes. Circulation. 2015;132(1):10–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Zorzi A, Marra MP, Rigato I, de Lazzari M, Susana A, Niero A, et al. Nonischemic left ventricular scar as a substrate of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9(7):e004229.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, Adami PE, Biffi A, Caselli S, et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40(1):19–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rademakers FE, Rogers WJ, Guier WH, Hutchins GM, Siu CO, Weisfeldt ML, et al. Relation of regional cross-fiber shortening to wall thickening in the intact heart: three-dimensional strain analysis by NMR tagging. Circulation. 1994;89(3):1174–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Schumm J, Greulich S, Wagner A, Grün S, Ong P, Bentz K, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance risk stratification in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16(1):14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Whyte G, Sheppard M, George K, Shave R, Wilson M, Prasad S, et al. Post-mortem evidence of idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy and idiopathic interstitial myocardial fibrosis: is exercise the cause? Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(4):304–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pilichou K, Mancini M, Rigato I, Lazzarini E, Giorgi B, Carturan E, et al. Nonischemic left ventricular scar sporadic or familial? Screen the genes, scan the mutation carriers. Circulation. 2014;130(21):e180–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. d’Amati G, de Caterina R, Basso C. Sudden cardiac death in an Italian competitive athlete: pre-participation screening and cardiovascular emergency care are both essential. Int J Cardiol. 2016;206:84–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Friedrich MG, Marcotte F. Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of myocarditis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(5):833–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Te Rijdt WP, Ten Sande JN, Gorter TM, van der Zwaag PA, van Rijsingen IA, Boekholdt SM, et al. Myocardial fibrosis as an early feature in phospholamban p.Arg14del mutation carriers: phenotypic insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(1):92–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Sen-Chowdhry S, Syrris P, Prasad SK, Hughes SE, Merrifield R, Ward D, et al. Left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. an under-recognized clinical entity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(25):2175–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ, Daubert JC, Drexler H, Ector H, et al. Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The task force for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace. 2007;9(10):959–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Dickstein K, Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Daubert JC, Linde C, McMurray J, et al. Focused update of ESC guidelines on device therapy in heart failure: an update of the 2008 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure and the 2007 ESC Guidelines for cardiac and resynchronization therapy—Devel. Europace. 2010;12:1526–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893–962.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. JCS Joint Working Group. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis (JCS 2009). Circ J. 2011;75(3):734–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Prochnau D, Surber R, Kuehnert H, Heinke M, Klein HU, Figulla HR. Successful use of a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator in myocarditis with normal ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99:129–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure web addenda. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Tschabrunn CM, Haqqani HM, Cooper JM, Dixit S, Garcia FC, Gerstenfeld EP, et al. Percutaneous epicardial ventricular tachycardia ablation after noncoronary cardiac surgery or pericarditis. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10(2):165–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular and Public Health Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Riccardo Vio, Alessandro Zorzi & Domenico Corrado

Authors
  1. Riccardo Vio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alessandro Zorzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Domenico Corrado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Domenico Corrado .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, Policlinico Universitario, Padova, Italy

    Alida L. P. Caforio

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vio, R., Zorzi, A., Corrado, D. (2020). Arrhythmias in Myocarditis. In: Caforio, A. (eds) Myocarditis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35276-9_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35276-9_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35275-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35276-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation