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Nonverbal Receiving Ability as Emotional and Cognitive Empathy: Conceptualization and Measurement

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Social Intelligence and Nonverbal Communication

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Abstract

Nonverbal receiving abilities are a critical component of social intelligence. We relate nonverbal receiving ability to research on emotional and cognitive empathy and review attempts to develop psychometrically construct-valid and reliable tests of nonverbal receiving ability. We describe the Communication of Affect Receiving Ability Test (CARAT) that uniquely employs ecologically valid, dynamic video clips of spontaneous emotional expressions and new versions of CARAT intended to extend the nomological net associated with nonverbal receiving ability/empathy. We describe CARAT-SPR (Spontaneous, Posed, Regulated) designed to assess both emotional and cognitive empathy and the CARAT-DPA (Discrete Primary Affects) designed to measure abilities to detect specific expressions of discrete primary affects in the dynamic stream of spontaneous expression, showing evidence of construct validity of skills for judging spontaneous emotional expression.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Corrections to correlations, for example, for attenuation and/or range restriction, are considered by these meta-analyses.

  2. 2.

    A recent meta-analysis of the relationship between emotional receiving ability and intelligence in adults showed an overall effect size of r = .19, suggesting that it may be an ability amid other mental abilities that are distinct from each other yet may share an “elementary cognitive basis” (Schlegel et al., 2019).

  3. 3.

    As each sender appears only once in CARAT-SPR, emotion correlation scores cannot be taken.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Communication, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Ross Buck, Brett Graham, Ryan J. Allred & Roeland Hancock

  2. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Ross Buck, Brett Graham, Ryan J. Allred & Roeland Hancock

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Correspondence to Ross Buck .

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  1. Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Robert J. Sternberg

  2. Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, The University of Niš, Niš, Serbia

    Aleksandra Kostić

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Buck, R., Graham, B., Allred, R.J., Hancock, R. (2020). Nonverbal Receiving Ability as Emotional and Cognitive Empathy: Conceptualization and Measurement. In: Sternberg, R.J., Kostić, A. (eds) Social Intelligence and Nonverbal Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34964-6_2

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