Abstract
The paper discusses how Constitutionalism and legal pluralism dialogue in Brazil in different environments as Judicial Courts, Administrative Agencies and law professors and lawyers’ activities. For lawyers, and even more to law professors, it is crucial to be aware and engaged with foreign and international discussions and dynamics. In a similar way, international cooperation is a common trend and practice within Brazilian administrative agencies. The scenario is different for Judicial Courts. Most Brazilian Courts’ rulings frame the legal order in a State-centered monistic perspective: hierarchical standards drawn from the Federal Constitution will measure and accommodate each any norm, from any source, into the national system. The paper also examines how other elements, as ideology, may influence this dialogue in Brazil.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
de Carvalho Ramos (2012).
- 3.
de Sousa Santos (1977).
- 4.
Reyntjens (2015).
- 5.
Brazilian Federal Constitution 1988: “Article 49. It is exclusively the competence of the National Congress: I – to decide conclusively on international treaties, agreements or acts which result in charges or commitments that go against the national property.”
- 6.
Brazilian Federal Constitution 1988: “Article 102. The Supreme Federal Court is responsible, essentially, for safeguarding the Constitution, and it is within its competence: (CA No. 3, 1993; CA No. 22, 1999; CA No. 23, 1999; CA No. 45, 2004) (…) III – to judge, on extraordinary appeal, cases decided in a sole or last instance, when the decision appealed: (…) b) declares a treaty or a federal law unconstitutional.”
- 7.
Brazilian Federal Constitution 1988: “Article 5o, §3° (Approved by the Constitutional Amendment 45, from 2004): International human rights treaties and conventions which are approved in each House of the National Congress, in two rounds of voting, by three fifths of the votes of the respective members shall be equivalent to constitutional amendments.”
- 8.
- 9.
STF, RE 349.703, Justice Rapporteur Gilmar Mendes, published in June 5, 2009.
- 10.
STF, RE 466.343, Justice Rapporteur Cezar Peluso, published in June 5, 2009.
- 11.
Brazilian Federal Constitution 1988: “Article 178. The law shall provide for the regulation of air, water and ground transportation, and it shall, in respect to the regulation of international transportation, comply with the agreements entered into by the Union, with due regard to the principle of reciprocity. (CA No. 7, 1995).”
- 12.
STF, RE 636.331, Rapporteur Justice Gilmar Mendes, published in November 13, 2017.
- 13.
Brazilian Constitution 1988, Article 109: “§5°. In cases of serious human rights violations, and with a view to ensuring compliance with obligations deriving from international human rights treaties to which Brazil is a party, the Attorney-General of the Republic may request, before the Superior Court of Justice, and in the course of any of the stages of the inquiry or judicial action, that jurisdiction on the matter be taken to Federal Justice.”
- 14.
STF, ADI 4701, Justice Rapporteur Luís Roberto Barroso, published in August 25, 2014.
- 15.
STF, ADI 2997, Justice Rapporteur Cezar Peluzo, published in March 11, 2010.
- 16.
STF, ADIs 3356, 3357 and 3937 (Justice Rapporteur Dias Toffoli) and ADPF 109 (Justice Rapporteur Edson Fachin), all decided together on August 24, 2017, and all published in February 1st, 2019.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
Brazilian Constitution of 1988: “Article 8, VI - the collective labor bargainings must be held with the participation of unions.”
- 22.
STF, RE 590.415, Justice Rapporteur Luís Roberto Barroso, published in May 29, 2015.
- 23.
Brazilian Federal Constitution 1988: “Article 216. The Brazilian cultural heritage consists of the assets of a material and immaterial nature, taken individually or as a whole, which bear reference to the identity, action and memory of the various groups that form the Brazilian society, therein included: (CA No. 42, 2003): I – forms of expression; II – ways of creating, making and living.”
- 24.
Brazilian Federal Constitution 1988: “Article 231. Indians shall have their social organization, customs, languages, creeds and traditions recognized, as well as their original rights to the lands they traditionally occupy, it being incumbent upon the Union to demarcate them, protect and ensure respect for all of their property. Paragraph 1. Lands traditionally occupied by Indians are those on which they live on a permanent basis, those used for their productive activities, those indispensable to the preservation of the environmental resources necessary for their well-being and for their physical and cultural reproduction, according to their uses, customs and traditions. Paragraph 2. The lands traditionally occupied by Indians are intended for their permanent possession and they shall have the exclusive usufruct of the riches of the soil, the rivers and the lakes existing therein. Paragraph 3. Hydric resources, including energetic potentials, may only be exploited, and mineral riches in Indian land may only be prospected and mined with the authorization of the National Congress, after hearing the communities involved, and the participation in the results of such mining shall be ensured to them, as set forth by law. Paragraph 4. The lands referred to in this article are inalienable and indisposable and the rights thereto are not subject to limitation. Paragraph 5. The removal of Indian groups from their lands is forbidden, except ad referendum of the National Congress, in case of a catastrophe or an epidemic which represents a risk to their population, or in the interest of the sovereignty of the country, after decision by the National Congress, it being guaranteed that, under any circumstances, the return shall be immediate as soon as the risk ceases. Paragraph 6. Acts with a view to occupation, domain and possession of the lands referred to in this article or to the exploitation of the natural riches of the soil, rivers and lakes existing therein, are null and void, producing no legal effects, except in case of relevant public interest of the Union, as provided by a supplementary law and such nullity and voidness shall not create a right to indemnity or to sue the Union, except in what concerns improvements derived from occupation in good faith, in the manner prescribed by law. Paragraph 7. The provisions of article 174, paragraphs 3 and 4, shall not apply to Indian lands.”
- 25.
STF, Pet 3388, Justice Rapporteur Carlos Brito, published on June 30, 2010.
- 26.
TJRR, proceeding n° 0090.10.000302-0/RR.
- 27.
JFRR, proceeding n° 0005735-10.2010.4.01.4200/RR.
- 28.
Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988: “Article 217. It is the duty of the State to foster the practice of formal and informal sports, as a right of each individual, with due regard for: I – the autonomy of the directing sports entities and associations, as to their organization and operation.”
- 29.
STF, SE 5.206, Justice Rapporteur Sepúlveda Pertence, published in April 30, 2004.
- 30.
- 31.
Neves (2016b).
- 32.
de Barcellos (2010).
- 33.
- 34.
STF, ADPF 347, Justice Rapporteur Marco Aurélio, published in February 19, 2016.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39.
- 40.
de Barcellos (2005).
- 41.
Aleinikoff (1987).
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de Barcellos, A.P. (2020). Brazil and Its Many Realities: Courts and State-Centrism; Administrative Agencies and International Cooperation. In: Tusseau, G. (eds) Debating Legal Pluralism and Constitutionalism. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 41. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34432-0_4
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