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Fortune and Misfortune of the Egyptian Private Press: Sociohistorical Study of a Place of Production of Information

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The Independence of the News Media

Abstract

The opening up of the Egyptian press is not linked to the “Arab Spring” revolutionary movement but goes back to the 1990s and a specific form of alliance between businessmen who were nevertheless close to the regime and young journalists. To explain how this convergence took place, Bachir Benaziz uses Michel de Certeau’s idea of a “place of production”, which enables us to understand how a type of journalistic message can slot into a particular historical situation. Although financed by businessmen who owed their success to the regime, these newspapers paid special attention to social movements, human rights organisations and associations, while keeping their distance from official sources. Two case studies illustrate this development: the weekly newspaper al-Dustûr and the daily newspaper al-Massry al-Youm.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The National Democratic Party (NDP) is the party that was in power at the time of H. Mubarak.

  2. 2.

    Article 209 was in fact added to the 1971 constitution on 30 April 1980.

  3. 3.

    One million Egyptian pounds is about the equivalent today of 60,000 euros. The Egyptian pound has lost value considerably since in 1996 1 euro was the equivalent of 6 or 7 pounds versus 17 pounds in 2017.

  4. 4.

    They were the following newspapers: al-Maydan (HCP authorisation obtained in 1995), al-Nabaa al-watany (1996), al-Osbu’ (1997) and Sawt al-Umma (1997).

  5. 5.

    Access: http://www.e3lam.org/2015/01/17/13479.

  6. 6.

    See B. Fadl’s very important account (2016) of this first experience with Dustour and also of the development of the political influence of I. I. Fahmy as an editor following the success of the newspaper.

  7. 7.

    Interview with M. Afifi, The Cairo newspaper, 2014.

  8. 8.

    A. Bahgat interview with the television presenter A. El-Leithy on the al-Hayat channel, 2014.

  9. 9.

    Interview with M. Saïd Mahfouz, former host and founder of the Kalam el nass programme on the CBC extra satellite channel, professor at the university of Cairo and president of the al-Ahram regional institute for the press, Cairo, 2014.

  10. 10.

    S. Diab interview with I. Eissa on the ON TV satellite channel, 2015.

  11. 11.

    S. Diab interview with the editorial team of Massry al-Youm, al-Massry al-Youm TV, June 2013.

  12. 12.

    H. Kassem interview, Cairo, 2013.

  13. 13.

    On the idea of “prestigious press”, see J.-G Padioleau (1985).

  14. 14.

    C. al-Massry interview, Executive Director of the al-Masry al-Youm newspaper, Cairo, 2013.

  15. 15.

    K. Abass interview, founder and coordinator of the Centre for Trade Union and Workers Services, Cairo, 2014.

  16. 16.

    In particular, Amrou Slim, Walid Taher, Ahmad Makhlouf, Doaà Eladl, Mohammad Khandil, Abdallah Ahmad, Hicham Rahmat and Hany Chams. I. Eissa also mobilised the famous Egyptian painter Hilmi al-Touni and the political cartoons of Bahgat Othman, a famous caricaturist from the 1970s.

  17. 17.

    I. Eissa interview at the head office of the al-Tahrîr daily newspaper, Cairo, 2013.

  18. 18.

    “The back of Mubarak’s neck” is probably the major brainwave of the political cartoonist A. Slim. Its tremendous success at the time can be explained by the fact that a satirical message is conveyed in a very condensed form and in a very dynamic way that involves the reader in the construction of the irony. The metaphor of the “neck”, symbol of repression in Egypt, also brings together all aspects of H. Mubarak’s political regime, and thus acts as a visual summary of a period of time or climate in society.

  19. 19.

    See, for example, the drawing by Walid Taher entitled “Tofranil”, al-Dustour, 31/01/2007.

  20. 20.

    K. al-Balchy interview, former editor-in-chief of the al-Badîl newspaper and one of the founders of the newspaper, Cairo, 2014.

  21. 21.

    In particular, the weekly newspaper al-Ahaly, the main voice of the Egyptian Socialist Party ‘Al-Tagammu’.

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Benaziz, B. (2020). Fortune and Misfortune of the Egyptian Private Press: Sociohistorical Study of a Place of Production of Information. In: Ballarini, L. (eds) The Independence of the News Media. Global Transformations in Media and Communication Research - A Palgrave and IAMCR Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34054-4_13

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