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Nanomaterials for Selective Targeting of Intracellular Pathogens

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Nanotheranostics

Abstract

Many infectious diseases are caused by intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, Plasmodium species, Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Infections caused by such pathogens are treated with antimicrobial agents. Nevertheless, selective targeting of intracellular pathogens is difficult due to the reason that the drug has to enter the infected host cells in order to target or kill the infectious agent. Further, nonspecific interaction of the antimicrobial agent also affects noninfected body cells. On one side there is substantial loss of drug in the body due to nonspecific interaction while, on the other hand, many drugs find it difficult to enter the host cells. Targeted drug delivery using nanomaterials offers unique and efficient opportunity to deliver the drug loaded in the nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, or micelles into the host cells infected with intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, sustained drug release inside the infected cells may solve the issues of bioavailability and patient compliance. Research studies conducted by different groups have shown promising results of drug-loaded nanocarriers against intracellular pathogens in a number of studies. This chapter discusses various types of intracellular pathogens, nanocarriers, and their role in targeted drug delivery of intracellular pathogens.

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Abbreviations

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

CAMP:

Cationic antimicrobial peptides

CPP:

Cell-penetrating peptides

LPG:

Lipophosphoglycan

MPS:

Mononuclear phagocytic system

MSNPs:

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PLA:

Poly lactic acid

PLGA:

Poly lactide-co-glycolide

PMA:

Polymethacrylic acid

PMs:

Polymeric micelles

PV:

Parasitophorous vacuole

SCV:

Salmonella containing vacuole

SLNPs:

Solid lipid nanoparticles

T3SS:

Type III secretion system

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ali Syed & Nayab Ali

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  1. Muhammad Ali Syed
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  1. Department of Biotechnology, Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Amravati, Maharashtra, India, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil

    Mahendra Rai

  2. Department of DMLS, University of Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Bushra Jamil

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Syed, M.A., Ali, N. (2019). Nanomaterials for Selective Targeting of Intracellular Pathogens. In: Rai, M., Jamil, B. (eds) Nanotheranostics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_6

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