Abstract
This chapter describes how next-instar piercing stylets of Hemiptera develop between molts and how they replace the old stylets, lost during molting. Because the stylets contain epithelium and bodies of neurons in their widened bases and only sensory dendrites in their narrow long shafts, the new stylet cannot grow inside the old one. Instead, next-instar stylets develop within two-layered “retortiform organs” formed by the basal epithelium invaginating into the head cavity. Their development, styletogenesis, generally resembles the development of holometabolan imaginal discs but has unique features. In particular, the cuticle of the new stylet is secreted by parallel long filamentous projections of styligenic cells. Longitudinal sculpture for interlocking between stylets develops along the lines of contact between these projections. Usually the new stylets are passively extracted during ecdysis because their tips are attached to bases of the old stylets. Some Sternorrhyncha with extra-long stylets extract them actively, probably with the aid of the labium. Newly extracted stylets become interlocked into a bundle by pressure from the maxillary plates, labrum, and labium. Hemipteran stylets are not attached to muscles directly and slide into coupling cuticular structures during ecdysis. Stylet development in Thysanoptera may be similar, but its details remain unknown.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ammar ED, Hall DG, Shatters RG (2015) Ultrastructure and development of the new stylets inside pre-molting first instar nymphs of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Florida Entomol 98:373–376
Andre HM, Remacle C (1984) Comparative and functional morphology of the gnathosoma of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Acarologia 25:179–190
Atachi P (1976) Etude de la tete, des pieces buccales et des glandes salivaires de Dysdercus andreae L. (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). These présentée à l'universite Pierre et Marie Curie de Paris VI pour l’obtention du grade de docteur de 3e cycle
Backus EA (1985) Anatomical and sensory mechanisms of leafhopper and planthopper feeding behavior. In: Nault LR, Rodriguez JG (eds) The leafhoppers and planthoppers. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, pp 163–194
Backus EA, McLean DL (1982) The sensory systems and feeding behavior of leafhoppers. 1. The aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons Stål (Homoptera, Cicadellidae). J Morphol 172:361–379
Beard JJ, Ochoa R, Bauchan GR, Welbourn WC, Pooley C, Dowling APG (2012) External mouthpart morphology in the Tenuipalpidae (Tetranychoidea): Raoiella a case study. Exp Appl Acarol 57:227–255
Benwitz G (1956) Der Kopf von Corixa punctata Ill. (geoffroyi Leach) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Zool Jahrb Abt Anat Ontogenie Tiere 75:311–378
Bernard J, Pinet JM (1973) Origine des potentiels propagés dans un mécanorécepteur à dendrite longue. J Comp Physiol 87:361–377
Bernard J, Pinet JM, Boistel J (1970) Électrophysiologie des récepteurs des stylets maxillaires de Triatoma infestans—Action de la température et de la teneur en eau de l’air. J Insect Physiol 16:2157–2180
Brożek J (2006) Internal structures of the mouthparts of Coccinea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha). Pol Pismo Entomol 75:255–265
Brożek J (2007) Labial sensillae and the internal structure of the mouthparts of Xenophyes cascus (Bergroth 1924) (Peloridiidae: Coleorrhyncha: Hemiptera) and their significance in evolutionary studies on the Hemiptera. Aphids and other Hemipterous Insects 13:35–42
Brożek J (2013) A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha). Zootaxa 3635:340–378
Brożek J, Bourgoin T (2013) The phylogenetic information carried by a new set of morphological characters in planthoppers: the internal mouthpart structures and test in the Cixiidae model (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Zoomorphology 132:403–420
Brożek J, Herczek A (2001) Modifications in the mouth parts structure in selected species of Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha). Acta Entomol Silesiana 7-8:19–25
Brożek J, Herczek A (2004) Internal structure of the mouthparts of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Polish J Entomol 73:79–106
Brożek J, Zettel H (2014) A comparison of the external morphology and functions of labial tip sensilla in semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha). Eur J Entomol 111:275–297
Brożek J, Bourgoin T, Szwedo J (2006) The interlocking mechanism of maxillae and mandibles in Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Pol Pismo Entomol 75:239–253
Brożek J, Mróz E, Wylężek D, Depa Ł, Węgierek P (2015) The structure of extremely long mouthparts in the aphid genus Stomaphis Walker (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae). Zoomorphology 134:431–445
Bugnion E, Popoff N (1911) Les pieces buccales des Hemipteres (premiere partie). Arch Zool expérimentale générale 5 Serie 7:643–674
Chapman RF (2013) In: Simpson SJ, Douglas AE (eds) The insects - structure and function, 5th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Chisholm IF, Lewis T (1984) A new look at thrips (Thysanoptera) mouthparts, their action and effects of feeding on plant tissue. Bull Entomol Res 74:663–675
Cicero JM (2017) Stylet biogenesis in Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 46:644–661
Cicero JM, Alba-Tercedor J, Hunter WB, Cano LM, Saha S, Mueller LA, Brown SJ (2018) Asian citrus psyllid stylet morphology and applicability to the model for inter-instar stylet replacement in the potato psyllid. Arthropod Struct Dev 47:542–551
Cobben RH (1978) Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera: part II. Mouthpart-structures and feeding strategies. Meded Landbouwhogesch Wageningen 78/5:1–407
Cohen AC (1990) Feeding adaptations of some predaceous Hemiptera. Ann Entomol Soc Am 83:1215–1223
Emeljanov AF (1987) The phylogeny of the Cicadina (Homoptera, Cicadina) based on comparative morphological data. Trans All-Union Entomol Soc 69:19–109. [In Russian]
Emeljanov AF (2002) Evolutionary scenario of rostrum formation in the Rhynchota. Entomol Rev 82:1197–1206
Espeel M (1986) Morphogenesis during molting of the setae in the statocyst sensilla of the mysid shrimp Neomysis integer (Leach, 1814) (Crustacea, Mysidacea). J Morphol 187:61–68
Forbes AR (1966) Electron microscope evidence for nerves in the mandibular stylets of the green peach aphid. Nature 212:726
Forbes AR (1969) The stylets of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Can Entomol 101:31–41
Forbes AR (1972) Innervation of the stylets of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola (Homoptera: Psyllidae), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Entomol Soc Br Columbia 69:27–30
Forbes AR (1976) The stylets of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), and their innervation. J Entomol Soc Br Columbia 73:29–32
Forbes AR (1977) The mouthparts and feeding mechanism of aphids. In: Harris KF, Maramorosch K (eds) Aphids as virus vectors. Academic, New York, pp 83–103
Forbes AR, Mullick DB (1970) The stylets of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Can Entomol 102:1074–1082
Forbes AR, Raine J (1973) The stylets of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Can Entomol 105:559–567
Foster S, Goodman LJ, Duckett JG (1983) Sensory receptors associated with the stylets and cibarium of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Cell Tissue Res 232:111–119
Geiselbrecht H, Melzer RR (2014) Fine structure and ecdysis of mandibular sensilla associated with the lacinia mobilis in Neomysis integer (Leach, 1814) (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Peracarida). Arthropod Struct Dev 43:221–230
Guse GW (1983) Ultrastructure, development, and moulting of the aesthetascs of Neomysis integer and Idotea baltica (Crustacea, Malacostraca). Zoomorphology 103:121–133
Hao Y, Dietrich CH, Dai W (2016) Development of mouthparts in the cicada Meimuna mongolica (Distant): successive morphological patterning and sensilla differentiation from nymph to adult. Sci Rep 6:38151
Heming BS (1980) Development of the mouthparts in embryos of Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). J Morphol 164:235–263
Heming BS (1993) Structure, function, ontogeny, and evolution of feeding in thrips (Thysanoptera). In: Schaefer CW, Leschen RAB (eds) Functional morphology of insect feeding. Thomas Say Publ Entomol, Entomol Soc Am, Lanham, MD, pp 3–41
Heriot AD (1934) The renewal and replacement of the stylets of sucking insects during each stadium, and the method of penetration. Can J Res 11:602–612
Heriot AD (1936) The crumena of the Coccidae and the Adelges. J Entomol Soc Br Columbia 33:22–24
Heymons R (1899) Beiträge zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Rhynchoten. Nova Acta Acad Leopold 74:351–456
Hunter WB, Ullman DE (1989) Analysis of mouthpart movements during feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and F. schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Int J Insect Morphol Embryol 18:161–171
Krenn HW (1997) Proboscis assembly in butterflies (Lepidoptera) – a once in a lifetime sequence of events. Eur J Entomol 94:495–501
Leopold RA, Freeman TP, Buckner JS, Nelson DR (2003) Mouthpart morphology and stylet penetration of host plants by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 32:189–199
Lew GL (1959) The external morphology of the last-instar nymph of Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Entomol Am NS 39:101–182
Lillo E, Palma A, Nuzzaci G (2001) Morphological adaptations of mite chelicerae to different trophic activities (Acari). Entomologica Bari 35:125–180
Locke M (1985) The structure of epidermal feet during their development. Tissue Cell 17:901–921
Mecznikow E (1866) Embryologische Studien an Insekten. Die Enwicklung der viviparen Aphiden. Z Wiss Zool 16:437–478
Mound L (1970) Convoluted maxillary stylets and the systematics of some phlaeothripine Thysanoptera from Casuarina trees in Australia. Aust J Zool 18:439–463
Muir F, Kershaw JC (1911) On the later embryological stages of the head of Pristhesancus papuensis (Reduviidae). Psyche 18-19:75–79
Muir F, Kershaw JC (1912) The development of the mouthparts in the Homoptera, with observations on the embryo of Siphanta. Psyche 19:77–89
Newcomer WS (1948) Embryological development of the mouth parts and related structures of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas). J Morphol 82:365–411
Parrish WB (1967) The origin, morphology, and innervation of aphid stylets (Homoptera). Ann Entomol Soc Am 60:273–276
Parsons MC (1959) Skeleton and musculature of the head of Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Bull Mus Comp Zool 122:1–53
Parsons MC (1964) The origin and development of the hemipteran cranium. Can J Zool 42:409–432
Parveen S, Ahmad A, Broek J, Ramamurthy V (2015) Morphological diversity of the labial sensilla of phytophagous and predatory Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with reference to their possible functions. Zootaxa 4039:359–372
Pesson P (1944) Contribution à l’étude morphologique et fonctionnelle de la tête, de l’appareil buccal et du tube digestif des femelles de Coccides. Thèse, Paris, p 206
Pesson P (1951) Ordre des Homoptères (Homoptera Leach, 1815). In: Grasse PP (ed) Insectes supérieurs et Hémiptéroïdes, Traité de Zoologie X(II). Masson, Paris, pp 1390–1656
Pinet JM (1963) L’innervation sensorielle des stylets mandibulaires et maxillaires de Rhodnius prolixus Stål. (Insecte Hémiptère Hétéroptère ). C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 257:3666–3668
Pinet JM (1968a) Structure et formation des coaptations des stylets maxillaires de Rhodnius prolixus [Heter. Reduviidae]. Ann Société Entomol Fr 4:455–475
Pinet JM (1968b) Etude de la morphogenese du stylet maxillaire de Rhodnius prolixus par des transplantations d’organes styligenes incomplets. Arch Zool expérimentale générale 109:613–641
Pinet JM (1970) Recherches sur les stylets mandibulaires at maxillaires de Rhodnius prolixus. Thèse d’Etat, Paris, p 253
Pollard DG (1969) Directional control of the stylets in phytophagous Hemiptera. Proc R Entomol Soc London Ser A, Gen Entomol 44:173–185
Pollard DG (1970) The mechanism of stylet movement in Psylla mali Schmidberger (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Zool J Linnean Soc 49:295–307
Pollard DG (1972) The stylet structure of a leafhopper (Eupteryx melissae Curtis: Homoptera, Cicadellidae). J Nat Hist 6:261–271
Pollard DG (1973) Plant penetration by feeding aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea): a review. Bull Entomol Res 62:631–714
Ponsen MB (1972) The site of potato leafroll virus multiplication in its vector, Myzus persicae: an anatomical study. Meded Landbouwhogesch Wageningen 72-16:1–147
Puchkova LV (1980) Skeletomuscular, sensory and glandular apparatus of the head and thorax of aquatic Heteroptera. Trans All-Union Entomol Soc 62:1–234. [In Russian]
Quadri MAH (1959) Mechanism of feeding in Hemiptera. Smithson Misc Collect 137:237–245
Quicke DLJ, Fitton MG, Tunstead JR, Ingram SN, Gaitens PV (1994) Ovipositor structure and relationships within the hymenoptera, with special reference to the Ichneumonoidea. J Nat Hist 28:635–682
Rakitov R (2018) Pronymphs, hatching, and proboscis assembly in leafhoppers and froghoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae and Aphrophoridae). Arthropod Struct Dev 47:529–541
Reyne A (1927) Untersuchungen über die Mundteile der Thysanopteren. Zool Jahrb Abt Anat Ontogenie Tiere 49:391–500
Richards GA, Richards PA (1979) The cuticular protuberances of insects. Int J Insect Morphol Embryol 8:143–157
Rieger C (1976) Skelett und Muskulatur des Kopfes and Prothorax von Ochterus marginatus Latreille. Zoomorphologie 83:109–191
Sahuc LJ-M (1968) Etude historique des coaptations chez les Invertébrés. Rev Hist Sci (Paris) 21:245–264
Sahuc LJ-M (1969) Coaptations chez le grillon domestique. Bull Biol Fr Belg 103:9–130
Singh S (1971) Morphology of the head of Homoptera. Res Bull Panjab Univ 22:261–316
Smith EL (1969) Evolutionary morphology of external insect genitalia. 1. Origin and relationships to other appendages. Ann Entomol Soc Am 62:1051–1079
Snodgrass R (1927) The head and mouth parts of the cicada. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 29:1–16
̆vácha P (1992) What are and what are not imaginal discs: reevaluation of some basic concepts (Insecta, Holometabola). Dev Biol 154:101–117
Swart C, Felgenhauer B (2003) Structure and function of the mouthparts and salivary gland complex of the giant waterbug, Belostoma lutarium (Stål) (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 96:870–882
Tilney LG, DeRosier DJ (2005) How to make a curved Drosophila bristle using straight actin bundles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:18785–18792
Uzest M, Gargani D, Dombrovsky A, Cazevieille C, Cot D, Blanc S (2010) The ‘acrostyle’: a newly described anatomical structure in aphid stylets. Arthropod Struct Dev 39:221–229
Wang T, Pan L, Zhang Y, Dai W (2015) Morphology of the mouthparts of the spittlebug Philagra albinotata Uhler (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae). Arthropod Struct Dev 44:121–130
Weber H (1928) Zur vergleichenden Physiologie der Saugorgane der Hemipteren. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Pflanzenläuse. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sensory, Neural, Behav Physiol 8:145–186
Weber H (1929) Kopf und thorax von Psylla mali Schmidb. (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Eine morphogenetische Studie. Z Morphol Okol Tiere 14:59–165
Weber H (1930) Biologie der Hemipteren. Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin, p 543
Wenk P, Lucic S, Betz O (2010) Functional anatomy of the hypopharynx and the salivary pump in the feeding apparatus of the assassin bug Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae, Heteroptera). Zoomorphology 129:225–234
Wensler RJ (1974) Sensory innervation monitoring movement and position in the mandibular stylets of the aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae. J Morphol 143:349–363
Wigglesworth VB (1973) The significance of ‘apolysis’ in the moulting of insects. J Entomol Ser A, Gen Entomol 47:141–149
Wilcke J (1941) Biologie en morphologie van Psylla buxi L. Tijdschrift over Plantenziekten 47:41–89
Witlaczil E (1882) Zur Anatomie der Aphiden. Arbeit aus dem Zool Inst d Univ Wien IV 397:441
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Harald Krenn for inviting this contribution, to Esther Appel and Stanislav Gorb for making possible my work on a confocal laser scanning microscope at the University of Kiel, and to Wayne Hunter, Lawrence Mound, and Chris Simon for kindly providing important insect material. The study was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Grant No. 18-04-00322.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rakitov, R. (2019). Morphogenesis of Piercing Stylets in Hemiptera. In: Krenn, H. (eds) Insect Mouthparts. Zoological Monographs, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29653-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29654-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)