Skip to main content

‘A Dwelling Place for Dragons’: Wild Places in Mythology and Folklore

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Psychology of Religion and Place

Abstract

This Chapter will examine the concept of the Wilderness as a cross-cultural milieu traditionally associated with supernatural encounters. ‘Wilderness’ covers a range of settings across both natural and human environments. Despite ecological variability, a unifying feature of Wilderness is its alterity, concretized in its portrayal as the domain of powerful and ambiguous otherworldly forces. Drawing on mythology, folklore and ethnographic sources, I will explore the character of the Wilderness as a liminal and unstable physical landscape and a spatial reality both potentially transformative and threatening.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Xuanzang’s account was the basis for the sixteenth-century Folklore compendium ‘Journey to the West’ by Wu Ch’êng-ên, later immortalized in the 1970s TV series ‘Monkey’.

References

  • Abu-Rabia, A. (2005). The evil eye and cultural beliefs among the Bedouin tribes of the Negev, middle east. Folklore, 116(3), 241–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agius, D. A. (2017). Red Sea folk beliefs: A maritime spirit landscape. Northeast African Studies, 17(1), 131–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asma, S. T. (2011). On monsters: An unnatural history of our worst fears. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, L. M. (1991). Fairies and the supernatural on Reachrai. The good people: New fairylore essays (pp. 47–93). Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, E. W., & Barber, P. T. (2012). When they severed earth from sky: How the human mind shapes myth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barraclough, E. R. (2010). Inside Outlawry in “Grettir’s saga Ásmundarsonar” and “Gísla saga Súrssonar”: Landscape in the Outlaw Sagas. Scandinavian Studies, 82(4), 365–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basso, K. H. (1996). Wisdom sits in places: Landscape and language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauckham, R. (2006). Modern domination of nature—Historical origins and biblical. In R. J. Berry (Ed.), Environmental stewardship (pp. 32–50). London: T & T Clark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blom, J. D. (2009). A dictionary of hallucinations. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borlik, T. A. (2013). Caliban and the fen demons of Lincolnshire: The Englishness of Shakespeare’s Tempest. Shakespeare, 9(1), 21–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, A. (2010). The burning of Bridget Cleary: A true story. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovensiepen, J. (2014). Lulik: Taboo, animism, or transgressive sacred? An exploration of identity, morality, and power in Timor-Leste. Oceania, 84(2), 121–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, B. (2018). The evolution of stories: From mimesis to language, from fact to fiction. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 9(1), e1444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruford, A. (1997). Trolls, Hillfolk, Finns, and Picts: The identity of the good neighbors in Orkney and Shetland. The Good People: New Fairylore Essays, 116–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brugger, P., Regard, M., Landis, T., & Oelz, O. (1999). Hallucinatory experiences in extreme-altitude climbers. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 12, 67–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng’en, W. (2011). Journey to the West. Singapore: Asiapac Books Pte Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, K., Aiken, N. E., & Palmer, C. T. (2006). Once upon a time: Ancestors and the evolutionary significance of stories. Anthropological Forum, 16(1), 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comptour, M., Caillon, S., & McKey, D. (2016). Pond fishing in the Congolese cuvette: A story of fishermen, animals, and water spirits. Revue d’ethnoécologie, 10, 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, W. (1996). The Trouble with wilderness: Or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History, 1(1), 7–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dafni, A. (2011). On the present-day veneration of sacred trees in the holy land. Folklore-Electronic J Folklore, 48, 7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dal Zovo, C., & González-García, A. C. (2018). ‘The path of the spirits’: A preliminary approach to North-West/South-East oriented rows of cairns in the Altai Mountains. Mongolia. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 18(4), 399–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dedenbach-Salazar, S. (2017). Deities and spirits in Andean belief-towards a systematisation. Anthropos, 112(2), 443–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R. I. (2014). How conversations around campfires came to be. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(39), 14013–14014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahimi, M. S. (2012). Buhaira, the Lake of Demons. Iran and the Caucasus, 16(1), 97–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endsjø, D. Ø. (2000). To lock up Eleusis: A question of liminal space. Numen, 47(4), 351–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enges, P. (2015). Changing discourses on becoming lost. Shota Meskhia State Teaching University of Zugdidi Annual Scientific Work 2015, 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldt, L., & Benavides, G. (2012). Wilderness in mythology and religion. Boston: De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Formoso, B. (1998). Bad death and malevolent spirits among the Tai peoples. Anthropos, 93, 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R. L. (2010). Travelling heroes: In the epic age of Homer. London: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, J. (2011). Serious illness and supernatural agents: Explanatory models for diseases which defy explanation. UMASA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garg, A. (2013). Typology of sacred groves and their discrimination from sacred sites. Current Science, 104, 596–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giolláin, D. Ó. (1991). The fairy belief and official religion in Ireland. The Good People: New Fairylore Essays, 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabow, J. (2016). Haunting the wide, White Page–Ghosts in Antarctica. ALPH, 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillou, A. Y. (2017). Potent places and Animism in Southeast Asia. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 18(5), 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnell, T. (2000). The season of the dísir: The winter nights, and the dísablót in early medieval Scandinavian belief.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunnell, T. (2007). How elvish were the Álfar? In Constructing nations, reconstructing myth: Essays in honour of TA Shippey (pp. 111–130). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunnell, T. (2009). Legends and landscape in the Nordic countries. Cultural and Social History, 6(3), 305–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heather, P. (2005). The fall of the Roman Empire. Clerkenwell: Pan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heeschen, V. (2001). The narration “instinct”: Signalling behaviour, communication, and the selective value of storytelling. Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs, 133, 179–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkirk, P. (2001). Foreign devils on the Silk Road: The search for the lost cities and treasures of Chinese Central Asia. USA: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultkrantz, Å. (1987). On beliefs in non-shamanic guardian spirits among Saamis. Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, 12, 110–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsson, Á. (2006). Where do the giants live? Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 121, 101–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, D. (2015). 2. Tjukurpa Time. Long history, deep time (p. 33). Australia: ANU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F., & Kelemen, D. (2015). The divided mind of a disbeliever: Intuitive beliefs about nature as purposefully created among different groups of non-religious adults. Cognition, 140, 72–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johannsen, D. (2010). Crossing the Ecotone: On the narrative representation of nature as ‘wild’. Historicizing religion (pp. 233–248). Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazanas, S. A., & Altarriba, J. (2017). Did our ancestors fear the unknown? The role of predation in the survival advantage. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 11(1), 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPier, R. R. (2017). Invisible reality: Storytellers, storytakers, and the supernatural world of the Blackfeet. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laseron, C. F., & Hurley, F. (2002). Antarctic eyewitness. Edinburgh: Birlinn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legare, C. H., Evans, E. M., Rosengren, K. S., & Harris, P. L. (2012). The coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations across cultures and development. Child Development, 83(3), 779–793.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehr, U. (2013). The transcendental side of life: Aquatic demons in Polish folklore. Estonia and Poland: Creativity and Tradition in Cultural Communication, 2, 191–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lennert, A. E. (2017). Place, identity, and relations: The lived experience of two northern worlds. Arctic Anthropology, 54(2), 83–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindow, J. (2014). Trolls: An unnatural history. London: Reaktion Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, D. M., Lewis, E., Payne, J., & Wilson, L. (2012). A qualitative analysis of sensory phenomena induced by perceptual deprivation. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 11(1), 95–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A. T. (1963). The sacred trees of Ireland. Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, 68(207), 16–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzo, L. C. (2005). For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(1), 67–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayerfeld Bell, M. (1997). The ghosts of place. Theory and Society, 26(6), 813–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayor, A. (2001). The first fossil hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayor, A., & Sarjeant, W. A. (2001). The folklore of footprints in stone: from classical antiquity to the present. Ichnos, 8, 143–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCorristine, S. (2018). Spectral Arctic: A history of dreams and ghosts in polar exploration. London: UCL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michell, J. (1982). Megalithomania: Artists, antiquarians and archaeologists at the old stone monuments. London: Thames & Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, J. (1998). Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological explorer. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyes, M., Dovers, G., & Niland, D. (1964). Season in solitary. Walkabout, 30, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nees, M. A., & Phillips, C. (2015). Auditory pareidolia: Effects of contextual priming on perceptions of purportedly paranormal and ambiguous auditory stimuli. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(1), 129–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. K. (1982). Make prayers to the raven: A Koyukon view of the northern forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, C. J. (2014). ‘Dreamings’ and place—Aboriginal monsters and their meanings. The conversation (p. 30).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oelschlaeger, M. (1991). The idea of wilderness: From prehistory to the age of ecology. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peoples, H. C., Duda, P., & Marlowe, F. W. (2016). Hunter-gatherers and the origins of religion. Human Nature, 27(3), 261–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polo, M., & Latham, R. E. (1958). The travels of Marco Polo: Translated, with an introduction, by Ronald Latham. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkiss, D. (2000). Troublesome things: A history of fairies and fairy stories (p. 175). London: Allen Lane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purzycki, B. G. (2010). Spirit masters, ritual cairns, and the adaptive religious system in Tyva. Sibirica, 9(2), 21–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, C. (2001). Giants, monsters, and dragons: An encyclopedia of folklore, legend, and myth. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabbatani, S., & Fiorino, S. (2016). Pestilence, riots, lynchings and desecration of corpses: The sleep of reason produces monsters. Le infezioni in medicina: rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive, 24(2), 163–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saler, B., & Ziegler, C. A. (2005). Dracula and carmilla: Monsters and the mind. Philosophy and Literature, 29(1), 218–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scalise Sugiyama, M. (2017). Oral storytelling as evidence of pedagogy in forager societies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 471.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scalise Sugiyama, M., & Sugiyama, L. S. (Under Revision). Humanized topography: Storytelling as a wayfinding strategy. American Anthropologist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scarre, C. (2004). Displaying the stones: The materiality of ‘megalithic’ monuments. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarre, C. (2009). Stones with character: Animism, agency and megalithic monuments. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. C. (2017). Against the grain: A deep history of the earliest states. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. D. (2007). Niche construction and the behavioral context of plant and animal domestication. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 16(5), 188–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D., Schlaepfer, P., Major, K., Dyble, M., Page, A. E., Thompson, J. … & Ngales, M. (2017). Cooperation and the evolution of hunter-gatherer storytelling. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark-Arola, L. (2002). The dynamistic body in traditional Finnish-Karelian thought. Väki, vihat, nenä (pp. 67–103). Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoffle, R. W., Loendorf, L., Austin, D. E., Halmo, D. B., Bulletts, A., Arnold, R. W. … & Knudson, R. (2000). Ghost dancing the Grand Canyon: Southern Paiute rock art, ceremony, and cultural landscapes. Current Anthropology, 41(1), 11–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, T. (2010). Making law for the Spirits: Angakkuit, revelation and rulemaking in the Canadian Arctic. Numen, 57(2), 127–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, M. S. (2004). Predation, narration, and adaptation: “Little red riding hood” revisited. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, 5(2), 110–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, M. S. (2006). Lions and tigers and bears: Predators as a folklore universal. In H. Friedrich, F. Jannidis, U. Klein, K. Mellmann, S. Metzger, & M. Willems (Eds.), Anthropology and social history: Heuristics in the study of literature (pp. 319–331). Paderborn: Mentis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, M. S., Sugiyama, L. S., Slingerland, E., & Collard, M. (2011). Once the child is lost he dies’: Monster stories vis-a-vis the problem of errant children (pp. 351–371). Creating consilience: Integrating the sciences and the humanities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taggart, D. (2017). All the mountains shake: Seismic and volcanic imagery in the Old Norse literature of Þórr. Scripta Islandica: Isländska Sällskapets Årsbok, 68, 99–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehrani, J. J. (2013). The phylogeny of little red riding hood. PloS one, 8(11), e78871.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tuan, Y. F. (1974). Topophilia: A study of environmental attitudes, perceptions and values. Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uebel, M. (2016). Ecstatic transformation: On the uses of alterity in the middle ages. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. R. (2015). From spirits of the wilderness to lords of the place and Guardians of the village and farmlands: Mountains and their spirits in traditional Lahu cosmography, belief, and ritual practice. Anthropos, 110, 27–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, F., Blom, J. D., Jardri, R., Hugdahl, K., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2018). Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 48(4), 529–536.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. E., Venter, O., Lee, J., Jones, K. R., Robinson, J. G., Possingham, H. P., & Allan, J. R. (2018). Protect the last of the wild. Nature, 563, 27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, J., & Simpson, J. (2005). The lore of the land: A guide to England’s legends, from Spring-Heeled Jack to the Witches of Warboys. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiessner, P. W. (2014). Embers of society: Firelight talk among the Ju/’hoansi Bushmen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(39), 14027–14035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggermann, F. A. (2011). The Mesopotamian Pandemonium. Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni, 77, 298–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J., Philip, G., Bradbury, J., Dunford, R., Donoghue, D., Galiatsatos, N. … & Smith, S. L. (2014). Contextualizing early urbanization: Settlement cores, early states and agro-pastoral strategies in the Fertile Crescent during the fourth and third millennia BC. Journal of World Prehistory, 27(1), 43–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willerslev, R. (2004). Not animal, not not-animal: hunting, imitation and empathetic knowledge among the Siberian Yukaghirs. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 10(3), 629–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlleben, P. (2016). The hidden life of trees: What they feel, how they communicate—Discoveries from a secret world. Vancouver: Greystone Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worman, C. O. D. (2010). Trooping fairies, trolls, and talking tigers: the influence of traditional wilderness archetypes on current land use patterns. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(11), 3171–3193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. M. (1993). Pursuing the spirit. Amerindia, 18, 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yazdani, S. (2014). Imaginary folkloric beings in the Iranian people’s beliefs. The Anthropologist, 17(3), 967–973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Aubrey, N. (2019). ‘A Dwelling Place for Dragons’: Wild Places in Mythology and Folklore. In: Counted, V., Watts, F. (eds) The Psychology of Religion and Place. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28848-8_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics