Abstract
We introduce a new form of encryption that we name matchmaking encryption (ME). Using ME, sender S and receiver R (each with its own attributes) can both specify policies the other party must satisfy in order for the message to be revealed. The main security guarantee is that of privacy-preserving policy matching: During decryption nothing is leaked beyond the fact that a match occurred/did not occur.
ME opens up new ways of secretly communicating, and enables several new applications where both participants can specify fine-grained access policies to encrypted data. For instance, in social matchmaking, S can encrypt a file containing his/her personal details and specify a policy so that the file can be decrypted only by his/her ideal partner. On the other end, a receiver R will be able to decrypt the file only if S corresponds to his/her ideal partner defined through a policy.
On the theoretical side, we define security for ME, as well as provide generic frameworks for constructing ME from functional encryption.
These constructions need to face the technical challenge of simultaneously checking the policies chosen by S and R, to avoid any leakage.
On the practical side, we construct an efficient identity-based scheme for equality policies, with provable security in the random oracle model under the standard BDH assumption. We implement and evaluate our scheme and provide experimental evidence that our construction is practical. We also apply identity-based ME to a concrete use case, in particular for creating an anonymous bulletin board over a Tor network.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
Often, and equivalently, FE schemes are parameterized by a function ensemble \(\mathcal {F}= \{f_k:\mathcal {X}\times \mathcal {R}\rightarrow \mathcal {Y}\}_{k\in \mathcal {K}}\).
- 4.
Note that malleability (and thus the authenticity property considered in our paper) might be a desirable feature in some scenarios, as it implies a form of deniability. It could also be useful in future extensions of ME (e.g., in the spirit of proxy re-encryption).
- 5.
This is not an issue for an ME that supports arbitrary policies, as in that case, a single policy encodes a large number of attributes.
- 6.
This attack can be generalized to show that privacy does not hold if the \({\mathsf {PolGen}}\) algorithm (and thus the policy key \({\mathsf {kpol}}\)) is made public.
- 7.
This can be achieved, e.g., by setting , and by appending to each message the string .
- 8.
It is important to recall that a similar guarantee does not hold in the identity-based setting, when the receiver is semi-honest (cf. Sect. 5.1).
References
Agrawal, S., Wu, D.J.: Functional encryption: deterministic to randomized functions from simple assumptions. In: Coron, J.-S., Nielsen, J.B. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2017. LNCS, vol. 10211, pp. 30–61. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56614-6_2
Akinyele, J.A., et al.: Charm: a framework for rapidly prototyping cryptosystems. J. Cryptogr. Eng. 3(2), 111–128 (2013)
Alwen, J., et al.: On the relationship between functional encryption, obfuscation, and fully homomorphic encryption. In: Stam, M. (ed.) IMACC 2013. LNCS, vol. 8308, pp. 65–84. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45239-0_5
Ananth, P., Jain, A., Khurana, D., Sahai, A.: Indistinguishability obfuscation without multilinear maps: iO from LWE, bilinear maps, and weak pseudorandomness. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/615 (2018)
Ateniese, G., Francati, D., Nuñez, D., Venturi, D.: Match me if you can: Matchmaking encryption and its applications. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/1094 (2018), https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/1094
Ateniese, G., Kirsch, J., Blanton, M.: Secret handshakes with dynamic and fuzzy matching. In: NDSS, vol. 7, pp. 1–19 (2007)
Attrapadung, N., Imai, H.: Dual-policy attribute based encryption. In: Abdalla, M., Pointcheval, D., Fouque, P.-A., Vergnaud, D. (eds.) ACNS 2009. LNCS, vol. 5536, pp. 168–185. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01957-9_11
Attrapadung, N., Yamada, S.: Duality in ABE: converting attribute based encryption for dual predicate and dual policy via computational encodings. In: CT-RSA, pp. 87–105 (2015)
Balfanz, D., Durfee, G., Shankar, N., Smetters, D., Staddon, J., Wong, H.C.: Secret handshakes from pairing-based key agreements. In: IEEE S&P, pp. 180–196 (2003)
Bethencourt, J., Sahai, A., Waters, B.: Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption. In: IEEE S&P, pp. 321–334 (2007)
Boneh, D., Franklin, M.: Identity-based encryption from the Weil pairing. In: Kilian, J. (ed.) CRYPTO 2001. LNCS, vol. 2139, pp. 213–229. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44647-8_13
Boneh, D., Sahai, A., Waters, B.: Functional encryption: definitions and challenges. In: Ishai, Y. (ed.) TCC 2011. LNCS, vol. 6597, pp. 253–273. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19571-6_16
Castelluccia, C., Jarecki, S., Tsudik, G.: Secret handshakes from CA-oblivious encryption. In: Lee, P.J. (ed.) ASIACRYPT 2004. LNCS, vol. 3329, pp. 293–307. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30539-2_21
Chase, M.: Multi-authority attribute based encryption. In: Vadhan, S.P. (ed.) TCC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4392, pp. 515–534. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70936-7_28
Chase, M., Chow, S.S.: Improving privacy and security in multi-authority attribute-based encryption. In: CCS, pp. 121–130 (2009)
Cheung, L., Newport, C.: Provably secure ciphertext policy ABE. In: CCS, pp. 456–465 (2007)
Chow, S.S.M.: Removing escrow from identity-based encryption. In: Jarecki, S., Tsudik, G. (eds.) PKC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5443, pp. 256–276. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00468-1_15
Costello, C., Stebila, D.: Fixed argument pairings. In: Abdalla, M., Barreto, P.S.L.M. (eds.) LATINCRYPT 2010. LNCS, vol. 6212, pp. 92–108. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14712-8_6
Damgård, I., Haagh, H., Orlandi, C.: Access control encryption: enforcing information flow with cryptography. In: Hirt, M., Smith, A. (eds.) TCC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9986, pp. 547–576. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53644-5_21
Fisch, B., Vinayagamurthy, D., Boneh, D., Gorbunov, S.: Iron: functional encryption using intel SGX. In: CCS, pp. 765–782 (2017)
Fuchsbauer, G., Gay, R., Kowalczyk, L., Orlandi, C.: Access control encryption for equality, comparison, and more. In: PKC, pp. 88–118 (2017)
Galbraith, S.D., Paterson, K.G., Smart, N.P.: Pairings for cryptographers. Discrete Appl. Math. 156(16), 3113–3121 (2008)
Garg, S., Hajiabadi, M., Mahmoody, M., Rahimi, A., Sekar, S.: Registration-based encryption from standard assumptions. In: Lin, D., Sako, K. (eds.) PKC 2019. LNCS, vol. 11443, pp. 63–93. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17259-6_3
Goldwasser, S., et al.: Multi-input functional encryption. In: Nguyen, P.Q., Oswald, E. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2014. LNCS, vol. 8441, pp. 578–602. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55220-5_32
Gorantla, M.C., Boyd, C., González Nieto, J.M.: Attribute-based authenticated key exchange. In: Steinfeld, R., Hawkes, P. (eds.) ACISP 2010. LNCS, vol. 6168, pp. 300–317. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14081-5_19
Goyal, V., Jain, A., Koppula, V., Sahai, A.: Functional encryption for randomized functionalities. In: Dodis, Y., Nielsen, J.B. (eds.) TCC 2015. LNCS, vol. 9015, pp. 325–351. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46497-7_13
Goyal, V., Jain, A., Pandey, O., Sahai, A.: Bounded ciphertext policy attribute based encryption. In: Aceto, L., Damgård, I., Goldberg, L.A., Halldórsson, M.M., Ingólfsdóttir, A., Walukiewicz, I. (eds.) ICALP 2008. LNCS, vol. 5126, pp. 579–591. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70583-3_47
Goyal, V., Pandey, O., Sahai, A., Waters, B.: Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data. In: CCS, pp. 89–98 (2006)
Hou, L., Lai, J., Liu, L.: Secret handshakes with dynamic expressive matching policy. In: Liu, J.K.K., Steinfeld, R. (eds.) ACISP 2016. LNCS, vol. 9722, pp. 461–476. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40253-6_28
Jarecki, S., Kim, J., Tsudik, G.: Authentication for paranoids: multi-party secret handshakes. In: Zhou, J., Yung, M., Bao, F. (eds.) ACNS 2006. LNCS, vol. 3989, pp. 325–339. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11767480_22
Jarecki, S., Kim, J., Tsudik, G.: Beyond secret handshakes: affiliation-hiding authenticated key exchange. In: Malkin, T. (ed.) CT-RSA 2008. LNCS, vol. 4964, pp. 352–369. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79263-5_23
Jarecki, S., Liu, X.: Unlinkable secret handshakes and key-private group key management schemes. In: Katz, J., Yung, M. (eds.) ACNS 2007. LNCS, vol. 4521, pp. 270–287. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72738-5_18
Kim, S., Wu, D.J.: Access control encryption for general policies from standard assumptions. In: Takagi, T., Peyrin, T. (eds.) ASIACRYPT 2017. LNCS, vol. 10624, pp. 471–501. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70694-8_17
Kolesnikov, V., Krawczyk, H., Lindell, Y., Malozemoff, A., Rabin, T.: Attribute-based key exchange with general policies. In: CCS, pp. 1451–1463 (2016)
Nekrasov, M., Iland, D., Metzger, M., Parks, L., Belding, E.: A user-driven free speech application for anonymous and verified online, public group discourse. J. Internet Serv. Appl. 9(1), 21 (2018)
Nishide, T., Yoneyama, K., Ohta, K.: Attribute-based encryption with partially hidden encryptor-specified access structures. In: Bellovin, S.M., Gennaro, R., Keromytis, A., Yung, M. (eds.) ACNS 2008. LNCS, vol. 5037, pp. 111–129. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68914-0_7
Ostrovsky, R., Sahai, A., Waters, B.: Attribute-based encryption with non-monotonic access structures. In: CCS, pp. 195–203 (2007)
Pirretti, M., Traynor, P., McDaniel, P., Waters, B.: Secure attribute-based systems. J. Comput. Secur. 18(5), 799–837 (2010)
Rouselakis, Y., Waters, B.: Efficient statically-secure large-universe multi-authority attribute-based encryption. In: Böhme, R., Okamoto, T. (eds.) FC 2015. LNCS, vol. 8975, pp. 315–332. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47854-7_19
Sahai, A., Waters, B.: Fuzzy identity-based encryption. In: Cramer, R. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2005. LNCS, vol. 3494, pp. 457–473. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11426639_27
Sorniotti, A., Molva, R.: Secret handshakes with revocation support. In: Lee, D., Hong, S. (eds.) ICISC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5984, pp. 274–299. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14423-3_19
Sorniotti, A., Molva, R.: A provably secure secret handshake with dynamic controlled matching. Comput. Secur. 29(5), 619–627 (2010)
Syverson, P., Dingledine, R., Mathewson, N.: Tor: the second generation onion router. In: Usenix Security (2004)
Tan, G., Zhang, R., Ma, H., Tao, Y.: Access control encryption based on LWE. In: International Workshop on ASIA Public-Key Cryptography, pp. 43–50 (2017)
Tor: Onion service protocol (2018). https://www.torproject.org/docs/onion-services.html.en
Tsudik, G., Xu, S.: A flexible framework for secret handshakes. In: Danezis, G., Golle, P. (eds.) PET 2006. LNCS, vol. 4258, pp. 295–315. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11957454_17
Vergnaud, D.: RSA-based secret handshakes. In: Ytrehus, Ø. (ed.) WCC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3969, pp. 252–274. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11779360_21
Waters, B.: Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption: an expressive, efficient, and provably secure realization. In: Catalano, D., Fazio, N., Gennaro, R., Nicolosi, A. (eds.) PKC 2011. LNCS, vol. 6571, pp. 53–70. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19379-8_4
Xu, S., Yung, M.: K-anonymous secret handshakes with reusable credentials. In: CCS, pp. 158–167 (2004)
Yamada, S., Attrapadung, N., Hanaoka, G., Kunihiro, N.: Generic constructions for chosen-ciphertext secure attribute based encryption. In: Catalano, D., Fazio, N., Gennaro, R., Nicolosi, A. (eds.) PKC 2011. LNCS, vol. 6571, pp. 71–89. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19379-8_5
Yu, S., Ren, K., Lou, W.: Attribute-based content distribution with hidden policy. In: Secure Network Protocols, pp. 39–44 (2008)
Yu, S., Ren, K., Lou, W.: Attribute-based on-demand multicast group setup with membership anonymity. Comput. Netw. 54(3), 377–386 (2010)
Yu, S., Ren, K., Lou, W., Li, J.: Defending against key abuse attacks in KP-ABE enabled broadcast systems. In: Chen, Y., Dimitriou, T.D., Zhou, J. (eds.) SecureComm 2009. LNICST, vol. 19, pp. 311–329. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05284-2_18
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 International Association for Cryptologic Research
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ateniese, G., Francati, D., Nuñez, D., Venturi, D. (2019). Match Me if You Can: Matchmaking Encryption and Its Applications. In: Boldyreva, A., Micciancio, D. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2019. CRYPTO 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11693. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26951-7_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26951-7_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-26950-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-26951-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)