Abstract
Cryptocurrency started to be used in many countries as soon as its system became widespread. Countries have begun to create their own cryptocurrencies as well. Along with this increase in the dimensions of cryptocurrencies across the world, some regulatory needs have arisen. Many countries have been regulating their legal and economic infrastructures to cover cryptocurrencies, and many others have been on a quest to do so. While developed countries have been taking certain steps concerning cryptocurrencies, developing countries do not have a well-established theoretical framework for cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, inquiry and debate are still ongoing regarding the legal dimensions of these circulating currencies as well as how they are to be handled and taxed within the economy. This chapter discussed the dimensions of cryptocurrencies in developing countries and shows the debates on taxation of these currencies. Since countries’ tax systems and taxable incomes may differ, the income category under which cryptocurrencies and income arising from such currencies will be treated and how they will be taxed are still being debated. In this regard, our aim was to determine the current situation in certain developing countries including Turkey and to put forward some policy recommendations regarding taxation.
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Notes
- 1.
The block chain is a general ledger that keeps track of all the crypto-coin transactions taken place and that enlarges as the blocks are being attached to each other.
- 2.
Mining is a transaction registration service. Miners ensure to collect the newly published transactions and make them blocks and they ensure the block chain to be consistent, complete and irreversible by consistently verifying it. Verification of the transactions is carried out by several miners who provide the computer power of the crypt coin network. With the algorithm used to solve a cipher puzzle as part of the verification process, miners ensure that each block contains the cipher extraction of the previous block. In this way, the blocks are connected to each other and by forming a chain; they take the name of block chain (Üzer, 2017: 31–32).
- 3.
See Press Release of the Financial Stability Committee on the 9th session of 18.12.2017.
- 4.
See Press Release of BRSA (25.11.2013-2013/32) https://www.bddk.org.tr/ContentBddk/dokuman/duyuru_0512_01.pdf (11.01.2019).
- 5.
See Press Release of the Financial Stability Committee of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Treasury and Finance (11.01.2018-2018/01).
- 6.
- 7.
Also see “Bitcoin’e vergi geliyor (Maliye, SPK ve MB kripto paraları inceliyor)”, https://www.ntv.com.tr/teknoloji/bitcoine-vergi-geliyor-maliye-spk-ve-mb-kripto-paralari-inceliyor,riHhA6CgEUqJgGXs7RWlgA?_ref=infinite (11.01.2019).
- 8.
For a comprehensive study, see Güneş, G (2011). Verginin Yasallığı İlkesi. Third Press, İstanbul: On İki Levha.
- 9.
- 10.
The taxpayer refers to the person carrying the subjective and objective conditions of the taxable event (Başaran Yavaşlar, 2013: 39–40).
- 11.
The taxable event refers to the events or facts that the legislator foresees to be taxed if occurs (Akkaya, 2002: 19).
- 12.
The tax base refers to the technical-physical or economic-monetary magnitude in which the tax subject is reduced in order to calculate the tax receivable (Turhan, 1993: 44).
- 13.
The tax rate is the percentage of the basis paid or reserved as tax (Oktar, 2014: 102).
- 14.
This amount is effective from 01.01.2018. For the year of 2017, this amount is determined to be 24,000 TL.
- 15.
The exchange rate of the (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey) CBRT is assumed to be 3.4322 TL.
- 16.
The exchange rate of the CBRT is assumed to be 3.8836 TL.
- 17.
Since the taxable event occurred in 2017, the exemption amount determined for 2017 will be taken into consideration.
- 18.
The mentioned monetary amount is effective from 01.01.2018.
- 19.
For a similar opinion, see Taşdöken S (2016). Dijital Para Bitcoin’in KDV’si. Vergi Dünyası, 35 (417), 118–121.
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Teyyare, E., Ayyıldırım, K. (2019). The Size and Taxation of Cryptocurrency: An Assessment for Emerging Economies. In: Hacioglu, U. (eds) Blockchain Economics and Financial Market Innovation. Contributions to Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25275-5_18
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