Abstract
Stroke is recognized as the single largest cause of severe disability worldwide. The cost of stroke is greater for young people because of a greater loss in productivity. Return to work (RTW) following stroke represents a major psychosocial complication. Approximately 40%–55% of patients with stroke need active rehabilitation, and 60% of stroke survivors need job modification after stroke. Factors associated with RTW include functional recovery, higher brain dysfunction, post-stroke fatigue and depression, socioeconomic status, employer flexibility, social benefits, and support from family or coworkers. Although rehabilitation techniques have been improved and some rehabilitation programs have been shown to be effective, there is a paucity of studies on vocational outcomes after stroke. RTW after stroke is a challenge for younger stroke survivors as well as for the older working population in general and people with disabilities who want to work. The system of RTW for workers with disabilities, such as disease treatment (including rehabilitation), workplace accommodation, and cooperation and coordination among stakeholders, should be consolidated. Overcoming the challenges of RTW after stroke is a key milestone for harmonizing work and disease treatment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alaszewski A, Alaszewski H, Potter J, Penhale B (2007) Working after a stroke: survivors’ experiences and perceptions of barriers to and facilitators of the return to paid employment. Disabil Rehabil 29(24):1858–1869. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280601143356
Arauz A (2013) Return to work after stroke: the role of cognitive deficits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84(3):240. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-303328
Ayala C, Fang i, Luncheon C, King SC, Chang T, Ritchey M, Loustalot F (2018) Use of outpatient rehabilitation among adult stroke survivors—20 states and the District of Columbia, 2013, and four states, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67:575–578. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6720a2
Bergmann H, von Kuthmann M, Ungern-Sternberg A, Weimann VG (1991) Medical educational and functional determinants of employment after stroke. J Neural Transm Suppl 33:157–161
Black-Schaffer RM, Osberg JS (1990) Return to work after stroke: development of a predictive model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71(5):285–290
Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C (1994) Long-term risk of recurrent stroke after a first-ever stroke. The Oxfordshire community stroke project. Stroke 25(2):333–337
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009) Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults–United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58(16):421–426
Chapman N, Huxley R, Anderson C, Bousser MG, Chalmers J, Colman S, Davis S, Donnan G, MacMahon S, Neal B, Warlow C, Woodward M (2004) Effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen on the risk of recurrent stroke according to stroke subtype and medical history: the PROGRESS trial. Stroke 35(1):116–121. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.Str.0000106480.76217.6f
Chung CS, Pollock A, Campbell T, Durward BR, Hagen S (2013) Cognitive rehabilitation for executive dysfunction in adults with stroke or other adult non-progressive acquired brain damage, CD008391. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008391.pub2
Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, Braden C, Malec JF, Kalmar K, Fraas M, Felicetti T, Laatsch L, Harley JP, Bergquist T, Azulay J, Cantor J, Ashman T (2011) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92(4):519–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.015
Coole C, Radford K, Grant M, Terry J (2013) Returning to work after stroke: perspectives of employer stakeholders, a qualitative study. J Occup Rehabil 23(3):406–418
Daniel K, Wolfe CD, Busch MA, McKevitt C (2009) What are the social consequences of stroke for working-aged adults? Syst Rev Stroke 40(6):e431–e440. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.108.534487
De Groot MH, Phillips SJ, Eskes GA (2003) Fatigue associated with stroke and other neurologic conditions: implications for stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84(11):1714–1720
Dekkers-Sanchez PM, Wind H, Sluiter JK, Hw Frings-Dresen MH (2011) What promotes sustained return to work of employees on long-term sick leave? Perspectives of vocational rehabilitation professionals. Scand J Work Environ Health 37(6):481–493. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3173
Eguchi H, Wada K, Higuchi Y, Smith DR (2017) Psychosocial factors and colleagues’ perceptions of return-to-work opportunities for workers with a psychiatric disorder: a Japanese population-based study. Environ Health Prev Med 22(1):23
Endo M, Sairenchi T, Kojimahara N, Haruyama Y, Sato Y, Kato R, Yamaguchi N (2016) Sickness absence and return to work among Japanese stroke survivors: a 365-day cohort study. BMJ Open 6(1):e009682
Glass TA, Matchar DB, Belyea M, Feussner JR (1993) Impact of social support on outcome in first stroke. Stroke 24(1):64–70
Glozier N, Hackett ML, Parag V, Anderson CS (2008) The influence of psychiatric morbidity on return to paid work after stroke in younger adults: the Auckland regional community stroke (ARCOS) study, 2002 to 2003. Stroke 39(5):1526–1532. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.107.503219
Hackett ML, Pickles K (2014) Part I: frequency of depression after stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke 9(8):1017–1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12357
Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, Anderson CS (2005) Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 36(6):1330–1340. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.Str.0000165928.19135.35
Hackett ML, Kohler S, O’Brien JT, Mead GE (2014) Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke. Lancet Neurol 13(5):525–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70016-x
Hannerz H, Ferm L, Poulsen OM, Pedersen BH, Andersen LL (2012a) Enterprise size and return to work after stroke. J Occup Rehabil 22(4):456–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-012-9367-z
Hannerz H, Mortensen OS, Poulsen OM, Humle F, Pedersen BH, Andersen LL (2012b) Time trend analysis of return to work after stroke in Denmark 1996–2006. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 25(2):200–204. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-012-0017-7
Hartke RJ, Trierweiler R (2015) Survey of survivors’ perspective on return to work after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 22(5):326–334. https://doi.org/10.1179/1074935714z.0000000044
Howard G, Till JS, Toole JF, Matthews C, Truscott BL (1985) Factors influencing return to work following cerebral infarction. JAMA 253(2):226–232
Jacobs BS, Boden-Albala B, Lin IF, Sacco RL (2002) Stroke in the young in the northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke 33(12):2789–2793
Johnston V, Way K, Long MH, Wyatt M, Gibson L, Shaw WS (2015) Supervisor competencies for supporting return to work: a mixed-methods study. J Occup Rehabil 25(1):3–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-014-9511-z
Karasek R, Theorell T (1990) Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. Basic Books, New York
Kauranen T, Turunen K, Laari S, Mustanoja S, Baumann P, Poutiainen E (2013) The severity of cognitive deficits predicts return to work after a first-ever ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84(3):316–321. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-302629
King RB (1996) Quality of life after stroke. Stroke 27(9):1467–1472
Li J, Zhang M, Loerbroks A, Angerer P, Siegrist J (2015) Work stress and the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 28(1):8–19. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-014-0303-7
Luengo-Fernandez R, Gray AM, Rothwell PM (2009) Costs of stroke using patient-level data: a critical review of the literature. Stroke 40(2):e18–e23. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.108.529776
Maaijwee NA, Arntz RM, Rutten-Jacobs LC, Schaapsmeerders P, Schoonderwaldt HC, van Dijk EJ, de Leeuw FE (2015) Post-stroke fatigue and its association with poor functional outcome after stroke in young adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86(10):1120–1126. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-308784
Macdonell RA, Dewey HM (2001) Neurological disability and neurological rehabilitation. Med J Aust 174(12):653–658
Malm J, Kristensen B, Karlsson T, Carlberg B, Fagerlund M, Olsson T (1998) Cognitive impairment in young adults with infratentorial infarcts. Neurology 51(2):433–440
Mazer BL, Sofer S, Korner-Bitensky N, Gelinas I, Hanley J, Wood-Dauphinee S (2003) Effectiveness of a visual attention retraining program on the driving performance of clients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84(4):541–550. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2003.50085
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, Das SR, de Ferranti S, Despres JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Isasi CR, Jimenez MC, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Rosamond W, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB (2016) Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 133(4):e38–e360. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000350
Neau JP, Ingrand P, Mouille-Brachet C, Rosier MP, Couderq C, Alvarez A, Gil R (1998) Functional recovery and social outcome after cerebral infarction in young adults. Cerebrovasc Dis 8(5):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1159/000015869
Nevala N, Pehkonen I, Koskela I, Ruusuvuori J, Anttila H (2015) Workplace accommodation among persons with disabilities: a systematic review of its effectiveness and barriers or facilitators. J Occup Rehabil 25(2):432–448
Newman M (1972) The process of recovery after hemiplegia. Stroke 3(6):702–710
Ntsiea MV, Van Aswegen H, Lord S, Olorunju SS (2015) The effect of a workplace intervention programme on return to work after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 29(7):663–673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215514554241
Ovbiagele B, Goldstein LB, Higashida RT, Howard VJ, Johnston SC, Khavjou OA, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Mohl S, Sacco RL, Saver JL, Trogdon JG (2013) Forecasting the future of stroke in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association. Stroke 44(8):2361–2375. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e31829734f2
PROGRESS Collaborative Group (2001) Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358(9287):1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06178-5
Rimmerman A (1998) Factors relating to attitudes of Israeli corporate executives toward the employability of persons with intellectual disability. J Intellect Develop Disabil 23(3):245–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668259800033731
Saeki S, Toyonaga T (2010) Determinants of early return to work after first stroke in Japan. J Rehabil Med 42(3):254–258. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0503
Siegrist J (1996) Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol 1(1):27–41
Sinclair E, Radford K, Grant M, Terry J (2014) Developing stroke-specific vocational rehabilitation: a soft systems analysis of current service provision. Disabil Rehabil 36(5):409–417
Tanaka H, Toyonaga T, Hashimoto H (2011) Functional and occupational characteristics associated with very early return to work after stroke in Japan. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92(5):743–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.12.009
Taylor TN, Davis PH, Torner JC, Holmes J, Meyer JW, Jacobson MF (1996) Lifetime cost of stroke in the United States. Stroke 27(9):1459–1466
Teasell RW, McRae MP, Finestone HM (2000) Social issues in the rehabilitation of younger stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81(2):205–209
Tiersky LA, Anselmi V, Johnston MV, Kurtyka J, Roosen E, Schwartz T, Deluca J (2005) A trial of neuropsychologic rehabilitation in mild-spectrum traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86(8):1565–1574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.013
Treger I, Shames J, Giaquinto S, Ring H (2007) Return to work in stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil 29(17):1397–1403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701314923
Tsutsumi A, Kawakami N (2004) A review of empirical studies on the model of effort-reward imbalance at work: reducing occupational stress by implementing a new theory. Soc Sci Med 59(11):2335–2359
Westerberg H, Jacobaeus H, Hirvikoski T, Clevberger P, Ostensson ML, Bartfai A, Klingberg T (2007) Computerized working memory training after stroke–a pilot study. Brain Inj 21(1):21–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050601148726
Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, Bates B, Cherney LR, Cramer SC, Deruyter F, Eng JJ, Fisher B, Harvey RL, Lang CE, MacKay-Lyons M, Ottenbacher KJ, Pugh S, Reeves MJ, Richards LG, Stiers W, Zorowitz RD (2016) Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 47(6):e98–e169. https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0000000000000098
Wozniak MA, Kittner SJ (2002) Return to work after ischemic stroke: a methodological review. Neuroepidemiology 21(4):159–166. https://doi.org/10.1159/000059516
Wozniak MA, Kittner SJ, Price TR, Hebel JR, Sloan MA, Gardner JF (1999) Stroke location is not associated with return to work after first ischemic stroke. Stroke 30(12):2568–2573
Zedlitz AM, Fasotti L, Geurts AC (2011) Post-stroke fatigue: a treatment protocol that is being evaluated. Clin Rehabil 25(6):487–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215510391285
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Industrial Disease Clinical Research Grants: Grant Number 170401 and 180701-1). We also thank Audrey Holmes, MA, from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Tsutsumi, A. (2020). Return to Work After Stroke. In: Bültmann, U., Siegrist, J. (eds) Handbook of Disability, Work and Health. Handbook Series in Occupational Health Sciences, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24334-0_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24334-0_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24333-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24334-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences