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Proneural Genes and Cerebellar Neurogenesis in the Ventricular Zone and Upper Rhombic Lip

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Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

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Abstract

The cerebellar primordium arises between embryonic days 8.5 and 9.5 from dorsal rhombomere 1, adjacent to the fourth ventricle. Cerebellar patterning requires the concerted action of several morphogens secreted by the rhombic lip and roof plate and leads to the formation of two main neurogenic centers, the upper rhombic lip and the ventricular zone, from which glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons arise, respectively. These territories contain gene expression microdomains that are partially overlapping and, among others, express proneural genes. This gene family is tightly conserved in evolution and encodes basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors implicated in many neurogenetic events, ranging from cell fate specification to terminal differentiation of a variety of neuronal types across the embryonic nervous system. The present chapter deals with the established or suggested roles of proneural genes in cerebellar neurogenesis. Of the proneural genes examined in this chapter, Atoh1 plays a quintessential role in the specification and development of granule cells and other cerebellar glutamatergic neurons. Besides playing key roles at early stages in these early developmental events, Atoh1 is a key player in the clonal expansion of GC progenitors of the external granule layer. NeuroD, formerly regarded as a proneural gene, acts as a master gene in granule cell differentiation, survival, and dendrite formation. Ascl1 participates in GABA interneuron and cerebellar nuclei neuron generation and suppresses astrogliogenesis. Conversely, less is known to date about the role(s) of Neurog1 and Neurog2 in cerebellar neurogenesis, and a combination of loss- and gain-of-function studies is required to elucidate their contribution to cerebellar neurogenesis.

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Acknowledgments

Giacomo Consalez’ group has been supported by grant GGP13146 from the Italian Telethon.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

    Gian Giacomo Consalez, Marta Florio, Luca Massimino, Filippo Casoni & Laura Croci

  2. Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy

    Gian Giacomo Consalez, Marta Florio, Luca Massimino, Filippo Casoni & Laura Croci

  3. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Marta Florio

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Correspondence to Gian Giacomo Consalez .

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  1. CHU-Charleroi, University of Mons, Charleroi, Belgium

    Mario U. Manto

  2. Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

  3. Ataxia Center, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeremy D. Schmahmann

  4. Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

    Noriyuki Koibuchi

  5. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Roy V. Sillitoe

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  1. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA

    Roy V. Sillitoe

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Consalez, G.G., Florio, M., Massimino, L., Casoni, F., Croci, L. (2022). Proneural Genes and Cerebellar Neurogenesis in the Ventricular Zone and Upper Rhombic Lip. In: Manto, M.U., Gruol, D.L., Schmahmann, J.D., Koibuchi, N., Sillitoe, R.V. (eds) Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23810-0_2

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