Abstract
Sex determination and sexual development are highly diverse and controlled by mechanisms that are extremely labile. While dioecy (separate male and female functions) is the norm for most animals, hermaphroditism (both male and female functions within a single body) is phylogenetically widespread. Much of our current understanding of sexual development comes from a small number of model systems, limiting our ability to make broader conclusions about the evolution of sexual diversity. We present the calyptraeid gastropods as a model for the study of the evolution of sex determination in a sequentially hermaphroditic system. Calyptraeid gastropods, a group of sedentary, filter-feeding marine snails, are sequential hermaphrodites that change sex from male to female during their life span (protandry). This transition includes resorption of the penis and the elaboration of female genitalia, in addition to shifting from production of spermatocytes to oocytes. This transition is typically under environmental control and frequently mediated by social interactions. Males in contact with females delay sex change to transition at larger sizes, while isolated males transition more rapidly and at smaller sizes. This phenomenon has been known for over a century; however, the mechanisms that control the switch from male to female are poorly understood. We review here our current understanding of sexual development and sex determination in the calyptraeid gastropods and other molluscs, highlighting our current understanding of factors implicated in the timing of sex change and the potential mechanisms. We also consider the embryonic origins and earliest expression of the germ line and the effects of environmental contaminants on sexual development.
Sex is the queen of problems in evolutionary biology.
Graham Bell 1982
However, what is more interesting is the mollusc’s sex life.
Monty Python’s Flying Circus, Episode 32, “The War Against Pornography,” 1972
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the invaluable support of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were supported by NSF grant IOS-1558061 and NSF EDGE IOS-1827533 to JQH (JJH). MPL was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fonds de recherche du Québec-Nature et technologies (FRQ-NT), and thanks the Society for Developmental Biology for an Emerging Models Grant.
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Lesoway, M.P., Henry, J.Q. (2019). Sex Determination, Sexual Development, and Sex Change in Slipper Snails. In: Tworzydlo, W., Bilinski, S. (eds) Evo-Devo: Non-model Species in Cell and Developmental Biology. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 68. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_7
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