Abstract
C-band (twice of S-band frequency) linear accelerator technology was initially developed for the future e+ e− linear collider project. R&D took place from 1996 ∼ 2000, guided by the author at KEK (Group 1992; Shintake et al. 1995, 1998), followed by SCSS project (Shintake et al. 2001, 2003; Group 2004) at RIKEN/SPring-8 (2001 ∼ 2005), where we demonstrated high-gradient operation of a C-band accelerator. Based on the developed C-band technology, 400-m-long 8-GeV C-band accelerator was built at the SPring-8 site (2006 ∼ 2010) as the main linac to drive the X-ray FEL facility: XFEL/SPring-8, later renamed as “SACLA” (SCSS X-FEL R&D Group 2004; Shintake and XFEL/SPring-8 Joint Team 2010; Ishikawa et al. 2012). After 1,700 h of high-power conditioning, the maximum acceleration gradient reached 38 MV/m. The machine trip rate for each accelerator unit under nominal operation conditions is currently as low as once per day at a gradient of 35 MV/m and a repetition cycle of 30 pps. The measured stabilities of phase and amplitude of the rf field were 0.03∘ and 0.01% standard deviation, respectively. They were sufficient for the future upgrade to the seeded FEL operation. The first lasing was achieved in 2011, and since then, the C-band accelerator has been operated full-time, demonstrating fairly stable performance under continuous operation for 20,000 h. Twenty years of R&D was required from the first proposal to reach this point.
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Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank all contributors on C-band R&D and SACLA construction. The author wishes to acknowledge specially Dr. Hiroshi Matsumoto and Dr. Masakazu Yoshioka for their long periods of supports and encouragements. Finally, the author would like to thank Dr. Takahiro Inagaki for his excellent contribution on C-band system development by designing details, careful quality test, and patiently debugging the whole system; without his effort we could not achieve this result.
The author would like to thank the industry people who contributed to C-band R&D and SACLA construction with careful and patient work, especially Dr. Sadao Miura and Dr. Atsushi Miura for their excellent contributions on C-band high power waveguide and accelerator development, and Dr. Yoshihisa Ohkubo for his extensive work on 50 MW C-band klystron development. Finally, the author would like to thank Prof. Hitoshi Baba for his various contributions and long period of encouragement to us.
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Shintake, T. (2020). The SACLA X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Based on Normal-Conducting C-Band Technology. In: Jaeschke, E., Khan, S., Schneider, J., Hastings, J. (eds) Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23201-6_9
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