Keywords

1 Introduction

The Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the leading gold mining countries in the world. Such large deposits as Muruntau, Myutenbay, Kokpatas, Zarmitan and others (Kyzylkum-Nurata ore region) are known. As a result of many years of production, the mining and processing industry faces the problem of transition from oxidized ores with large “free” gold to the processing of refractory ores with “invisible” gold. One of the effective approaches to the assessment of such ores is the use of nanotechnology, nanomineralogy and nanogeochemistry (Hochella 2002; Koneev et al. 2010).

2 Methods and Approaches

The section of mineralogy that studies the conditions of formation, the physicochemical properties of natural compounds, the size of which, at least in one dimension, enters the nanoscale (10−6–10−9 m) is called nanomineralogy. There are nanominerals that are formed by the “down-top” technology, from atoms to chemical compounds, and nanoparticles that are formed by the “top-down” technology during dispersion. The anomalous properties of nanominerals and nanoparticles are determined by a significant increase in the specific surface energy. As a result of “size effects”, nano-objects acquire high chemical, catalytic, sorption activity and other properties. “Noble”, chemically inert gold in the nanostate becomes active and is found in ores not only in the form of native, but also in the form of a compound with various elements up to sulfur and oxygen. When studying ores, the main focus is on ore minerals. Non-metallic minerals, carbonaceous material rather negatively affect the enrichment processes, making it difficult to crush, float or adsorb gold. The study of mineralogy and nanomineralogy is important due to the fact that minerals of different composition and size differ in their ability to crush, float, or cyanate. The studies used an electron probe microanalyzer Superprobe JXA-8800R, Carl Zeise Oxford instrument (SEM-EDX); ICP MS 7500 Agilent Technologies.

3 Results and Discussion

The gold ore deposits of the Kuzylkum-Nurata region of Uzbekistan are confined to the South Tien Shan orogenic belt. Placed in the “black” shale, terrigenous, carbonate, volcanogenic and intrusive rocks. Tails of ore enrichment stored in long-term facilities were also studied. It has been established that in the orogenic deposits of the Kyzylkum-Nurata region, seven mineral-geochemical ore types are developed: /Au-W/Au-Bi-Te/Au-As/Au-Ag-Te/Au-Ag-Se/Au-Sb/Au-Hg/. Each type differs in the ratio of non-metallic and ore (sulphide) minerals, but primarily in the composition of micro-nanoensembles of minerals, compounds and gold fineness. In the studied deposits, the leading industrial ones are Au-Bi-Te, Au-As, Au-Ag-Se, Au-Sb (Table 1). In addition to native gold, electrum and kustelite, maldonite, Au-arsenopyrite, Au-pyrite, petzite, calavertite, fishesserite, petrovskaite, aurostibite were detected in ores. Gold release forms and its micro- nanoanesmble in ores in Fig. 1, row I. The study of Au-Bi-Te and Au-As ore tails showed that some of the sulfide minerals still remain, in which the nanoforms of gold, its compounds and associated bismuth tellurides are preserved 300–700 nm in size (Fig. 1, row II).nts.

Table 1. Types, composition of ores of gold and gold-silver deposits of Kyzylkum-Nurata region
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Fig. 1.
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Micro-nanomineral forms of gold release and its compounds in various types of ores (I) and tails (II). a - maldonite, Bi-tellurides in arsenopyrite; b - gold, arsenopyrite in arsenic pyrite; c - aurostibite with arsenopyrite in antimonite; d - nanogold in pyrite; e - maldonite and hedleyite and arsenopyrite; f - hedleyite in arsenopyrite.

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4 Conclusions

As a result of the research the following were established: - Seven mineral-geochemical types of ores were identified in the orogenic deposits of the Kyzylkum-Nurata region of Uzbekistan: /Au-W/Au-Bi-Te/Au-As/Au-Ag-Te/Au-Ag-Se/Au-Sb/Au-Hg/. Industrial types are /Au-Bi-Te/Au-As/Au-Ag-Se/Au-Sb/ ores possessing different technological properties; - Gold is represented by its native type, electrum, cyustelite, maldonite, petzite, aurostibite, fishesserite, petrovskaite, Au-arsenopyrite, Au-pyrite, forming micro- nanoensembles with the Bi, Te, Sb, Se, As, S minerals; - Pyrite and arsenopyrite remain in the enrichment tails of Au-Bi-Te and Au-As ores, in which nanoinclusions of gold, maldonite and bismuth tellurides are found. Tails are recyclable; - Nanotechnological methods allow to increase the efficiency and unambiguity of exploration, assess the prospects for hidden and unconventional deposits, as well as assess the technological properties of ores and enrichment tails for their complete processing.