Skip to main content

Breast Cancer: Current Perspectives on the Disease Status

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1152))

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and ranks second among causes for cancer related death in women. Evidence in literature has shown that the past and ongoing research has an enormous implication in improving the clinical outcome in breast cancer. This has been attributed to the progress made in the realm of screening, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies engaged in breast cancer management. However, poor prognosis in TNBC and drug resistance presents major inhibitions which are also current challenges for containing the disease. Similarly, a focal point of concern is the rising rate of breast cancer incidence and mortality among the population of under developed world. In this chapter, an overview of the current practices for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and associated impediments has been provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx

  2. Bray F (2014) Transitions in human development and the global cancer burden. In: Wild CP, Stewart B (eds) World cancer report 2014. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F (2015) Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, method sand major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 136:E359–E386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Althuis MD, Dozier JM, Anderson WF, Devesa SS, Brinton LA (2005) Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality 1973–1997. Int J Epidemiol 34:405–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A (2016) Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends—an update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 25(1):16–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Colditz GA, Sellers TA, Trapido E (2006) Epidemiology – identifying the causes and preventability of cancer? Nat Rev Cancer 6:75–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. McPherson K, Steel CM, Dixon JM (2000) Breast cancer—epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. BMJ 321:624–628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology (1995) Recommendations for the Reporting of Breast Carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 104:614–619

    Google Scholar 

  9. Malhotra GK, Zhao X, Band H, Band V (2010) Histological, molecular and functional subtypes of breast cancers. Cancer Biol Ther 10(10):955–960

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Li CI, Uribe DJ, Daling JR (2005) Clinical characteristics of different histologic types of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 93:1046–1052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Lester SC, Bose S, Chen YY, Connolly JL, de Baca ME, Fitzgibbons PL et al (2009) Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133:1515–1538

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bevers TB, Anderson BO, Bonnacio E et al. (2009) NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology:breast cancer screening and diagnosis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7:1060–1096

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hon JDC, Singh B, Du AysegulSahin G, Wang J, Wang VY, Deng F-M, Zhang DY, Monaco ME, Lee P (2016) Breast cancer molecular subtypes: from TNBC to QNBC. Am J Cancer Res 6(9):1864–1872

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Payne SJ, Bowen RL, Jones JL, Wells CA (2008) Predictive markers in breast cancer—the present. Histopathology 52:82–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Molina R, Barak V, van Dalen A, Duffy MJ, Einarsson R, Gion M, Goike H, Lamerz R, Nap M, GyörgySölétormos PS (2005) Tumor markers in breast cancer –European Group on Tumor Markers Recommendations. Tumor Biol 26:281–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Harris L, Fritsche H, Mennel R, Norton L, Ravdin P, Taube S, Somerfield MR, Hayes DF, Bast RC Jr (2007) American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast. Cancer J Clin Oncol 25:5287–5312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. van de Stolpe A, Pantel K, Sleijfer S, Terstappen LW, den Toonder JM (2011) Circulating tumor cell isolation and diagnostics: toward routine clinical use. Cancer Res 71:5955–5960

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pantel K, Alix-Panabieres C, Riethdorf S (2009) Cancer micrometastases. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 6:339–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Howlader NNA, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Cho H, Mariotto A, Eisner MP, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA, Edwards BK (2011) SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2008. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda

    Google Scholar 

  20. Weber GF (2008) Molecular mechanisms of metastasis. Cancer Lett 270(2):181–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Steeg PS (2006) Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges. Nat Med 12:895–904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Massagué J, Obenauf AC (2016) Metastatic colonization. Nature 529(7586):298–306

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin F, Wang N, Zhang TC (2012) The role of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in development and pathological process. IUBMB Life 64(9):717–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Geay JF (2013) Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Soins (776):25–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. NIH Consensus Development Conference on the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. Bethesda, June 18–21, 1990. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1–187, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fisher B, Mamounas EP (1995) Preoperative chemotherapy: a model for studying the biology and therapy of primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 13:537–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Aebi S, Gelber S, Lang I et al (2012) Chemotherapy prolongs survival for isolated local or regional recurrence of breast cancer: the CALOR trial (Chemotherapy as Adjuvant for Locally Recurrent breast cancer; IBCSG 27-02, NSABP B-37, BIG1-02). Cancer Res 72:96s. (abstr S3-2)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sledge GW, Mamounas EP, Hortobagyi GN, Burstein HJ, Goodwin PJ, Wolff AC (2014) Past, present, and future challenges in breast cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 32(19):1979–1986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Riggs BL, Hartmann LC (2003) Selective estrogen-receptor modulators-mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice. N Engl J Med 348(7):618–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Group EBCTC (1998) Poly chemotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet 352(9132):930–942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Bonneterre J, Buzdar A, Nabholtz JM, Robertson JF, Thürlimann B et al (2001) Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy in hormone receptor positive advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer 92(9):2247–2258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2012) Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 490:61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Baselga J, Carbonell X, Caslaneda Soto N, Clemens M, Green M et al (2004) Phase II study of efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of trastuzumabmonotherapy administered on a 3-weekly schedule. J Clin Oncol 23(10):2162–2171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Pegram MD, Konecny GE, O’Callaghan C, Beryt M, Pietras R et al (2004) Rational combinations of trastuzumab with chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(10):739–749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Toi M, Iwata H, Fujiwara Y, Ito Y, Nakamura S et al (2009) Lapatinib monotherapy in patients with relapsed, advanced, or metastatic breast cancer: efficacy, safety, and biomarker results from Japanese patients phase II studies. Br J Cancer 101(10):1676–1682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Rugo H, Sledge G et al (2010) Randomized study of lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-positive, trastuzumab-refractory metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(7):1124–1130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bianchini G, Balko JM, Mayer IA et al (2016) Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 13:674–690

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Killelea BK, Yang VQ, Mougalian S et al (2015) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer increases the rate of breast conservation: results from the National Cancer Database. J Am Coll Surg 220:1063–1069

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sikov WM, Berry DA, Perou CM et al (2015) Impact of the addition of carboplatin and/or bevacizumab to neoadjuvant once-per-week paclitaxel followed by dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on pathologic complete response rates in stage II to III triple-negative breast cancer: CALGB 40603 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol 33:13–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. O’Reil EA, Gubbins L, Sharma S et al (2015) The fate of chemoresistance in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). BBA Clin 3:257–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Morales-Vasquez F, Hortobagyi GN (2007) Overview of resistance to systemic therapy in patients with breast cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 608:1–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Moiseenko F, Volkov N, Bogdanov A, Dubina M, Moiseyenko V (2017) Resistance mechanisms to drug therapy in breast cancer and other solid tumors: an opinion. F1000Res 6:288

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Ullah MF (2008) Cancer multidrug resistance (MDR): a major impediment to effective chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 9(1):1–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Martin HL, Smith L, Tomlinson DC (2014) Multidrug-resistant breast cancer: current perspectives. Breast Cancer: Targets Ther 6:1–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Desta Z, Ward BA, Soukhova NV, Flockhart DA (2004) Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310(3):1062–1075

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Brauch H, Schwab M (2014) Prediction of tamoxifen outcome by genetic variation of CYP2D6 in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Br J Clin Pharmacol 77(4):695–703. Epub August 22, 2013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang R-A, Mazumdar A, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R (2002) P21-activated kinase-1 phosphorylates and transactivates estrogen receptor[alpha] and promotes hyperplasia in mammary epithelium. EMBO J 21(20):5437–5447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Vu T, Claret FX (2012) Trastuzumab: updated mechanisms of action and resistance in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2:62

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Palyi-Krekk Z, Barok M, Isola J, Tammi M, Szollosi J, Nagy P (2007) Hyaluronan-induced masking of ErbB2 and CD44-enhanced trastuzumab internalisation in trastuzumab resistant breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 43(16):2423–2433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Shattuck DL, Miller JK, Carraway KL 3rd, Sweeney C (2008) Met receptor contributes to trastuzumab resistance of Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 68(5):1471–1477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gong C, Yao Y, Wang Y et al (2011) Up-regulation of miR-21 mediates resistance to trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer. J Biol Chem 286(21):19127–19137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Gajria D, Chandarlapaty S (2011) HER2-amplified breast cancer: mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance and novel targeted therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 11(2):263–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Hudis C, Gianni L (2011) Triple-negative breast cancer: an unmet medical need. Oncologist 16(Suppl 1):1–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Longley DB, Johnston PG (2005) Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. J Pathol 205:275–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Leonessa F, Clarke R (2003) ATP binding cassette transporters and drug resistance in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 10:43–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Scharenberg CW, Harkey MA, Torok-Storb B (2002) The ABCG2 transporter is an efficient Hoechst 33342 efflux pump and is preferentially expressed by immature human hematopoietic progenitors. Blood 99:507–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Fahad Ullah .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fahad Ullah, M. (2019). Breast Cancer: Current Perspectives on the Disease Status. In: Ahmad, A. (eds) Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1152. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics