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Visual Perception and Eye Movements

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Eye Movement Research

Abstract

Our perception of the world appears to be steady and focused, despite the fact that our eyes are constantly moving. In this chapter, we review studies on the neural mechanisms and visual phenomena that endow us with stable visual perception despite frequent eye movements and gaze shifts. We describe how sensitivity to stationary and moving stimuli is suppressed just before and during a saccadic eye movement, a phenomenon referred to as saccadic suppression. We also depict the neural correlates of saccadic suppression based on studies conducted in alert monkeys during single-unit recordings and in human subjects using functional MRI. In addition to saccadic suppression, the phenomena of saccadic suppression of displacement and saccadic mislocalization suggest that motion sensitivity and perceived location of objects are altered during eye movements. For example, target motion during saccades goes largely unnoticed. Clearly visible targets that are flashed during an eye movement are apparently displaced towards the location of the end point of the saccade. These findings suggest that visual perception is based on the spatio-temporal integration of information gathered during sequential fixation periods. To ensure stability of our percepts during eye movements, some form of compensation or remapping must take place to compensate for retinal displacements of stimuli in a viewed scene. We also examine the interactions that take place between motion perception and pursuit eye movement. Furthermore, we review findings from behavioral, psychophysical and imaging studies in human observers and single-unit recordings in non-human primates that are relevant to perceptual phenomena arising during saccadic and pursuit eye movements. These studies suggest that conscious vision results from the dynamic interplay between sensory and motor processes. Specifically, we propose that our perception of the visual world is built up over time during consecutive fixations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Gaze shifts arise from the combination of head and eye movements. In the laboratory the subject’s head is often rendered stationary by the use of a chin rest or bite bar. In the real world, saccades exceeding 20° are usually accompanied by a shift in head position in the direction of the eye movement.

  2. 2.

    Michelson contrast is defined for periodic patterns as (Lmax − Lmin)/(Lmax + Lmin), where L corresponds to the luminance level at any given spatial location, Lmax corresponds to the highest level and Lmin to the lowest level. Michelson contrast varies between 0 and 1.

  3. 3.

    The Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (Stiles & Crawford, 1933) describes the directional selectivity of the light response of the photoreceptors. Light entering the eye at the rim of the pupil is less effective for vision than for light of the same intensity that enters the eye from the center of the pupil.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Jale Özyurt, Sebastian M. Frank, John S. Werner and Lothar Spillmann for their helpful comments. Author MWG was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, GR 988/25-1).

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  1. Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Mark W. Greenlee

  2. Schwarzwald-Baar Klinikum, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Hubert Kimmig

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Correspondence to Mark W. Greenlee .

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  1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Christoph Klein

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Ulrich Ettinger

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Greenlee, M.W., Kimmig, H. (2019). Visual Perception and Eye Movements. In: Klein, C., Ettinger, U. (eds) Eye Movement Research. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5_5

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