Abstract
One of the main goals of a company is to bring products to the market, whose performance and behaviour in providing this performance is desired by customers and users, and which, due to these characteristics, help the company to achieve continuously high profitability and financial stability, high acceptance by all social groups and possibly also market leadership. In order to achieve this goal and secure it in the long term, products, processes and organisations in the company must be designed accordingly. However, products, processes and organisations are interlinked in many ways and constantly influence each other. An isolated consideration of these three elements does not lead to the desired goal.
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Notes
- 1.
Product: Participle Perfect of the Latin verb producere, ‘generate, produce’. Artefact: From the Latin (per) arte factum, ‘made by art’.
- 2.
For example, a tablet computer can easily be used as a chopping board when chopping onions in the kitchen because of its tough glass surface—a capability that was not intended when formulating both performance and behaviour of the device.
- 3.
On the subject of simplicity: Albert Einstein (1879–1955) is credited with saying that everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler (i.e. simplicity cannot exist without complexity). Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1900–1944) is credited with having to move from the complicated to the ingenious to the simple. The Soviet rocket-maker Sergey Koroljov (1907–1966) stated that the genius of a product lies in its simplicity.
- 4.
A burlesque and exaggerated example of this impulse to imitate can be found in Obélix et Compagnie by Goscinny and Uderzo [GoUd-1976].
- 5.
Analogue terms: Fixed claim, must-have criterion, compulsory subject.For example, Because it’s cold, you need something to wear.
- 6.
Analogue terms: Minimum criterion (not only in the numerical sense), elective subject. For example, In cold weather, a thick sweater or a heavy coat or a thermal jacket (alternatives) or a thin sweater and a light coat (accumulation) serve the same purpose.
- 7.
Analogue terms: Desire criterion, elective subject. For example, The sweater should have a Norwegian pattern but does not have to.
- 8.
One of the essential foundations of the economic success of German companies is that they repeatedly discover or create such niches and become international market leaders in them.
- 9.
For example, You are one of the first, chosen or coolest people to own this product.
- 10.
These include products that are developed in line with the ‘Blue Ocean’ strategy, for example. Such products are not built for an existing market (‘red ocean’) but create their own market (‘blue ocean’), still unoccupied by competitors [KiMa-2005]. A prominent example is Apple’s products (see also Footnote 30 in Sect. 1.6.1).
- 11.
As a rule, this is the case with customers, who build their own products from components from their suppliers and assume full product liability for the resulting product themselves vis-à-vis their own customers.
- 12.
Present participle of the Latin word consumere (consume, use up).
- 13.
Example, No use of child labour or wages of an exploitative nature.
- 14.
However, it may well be possible that the implementation of the specifications from product development in the following areas deviates considerably from the specifications with regard to quality, deadlines and costs [EhMe-2017].
- 15.
As of today, this documentation is provided completely in digital format as virtual models (see also Fig. 2.3). These can have a bandwidth ranging from individual, loosely linked computer-internal partial models to the complete product model, which covers not only the product in its respective development and deployment states but also the corresponding processes (‘digital twin’).
- 16.
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Vajna, S. (2020). Products and Product Life Cycle in IDE. In: Vajna, S. (eds) Integrated Design Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19357-7_2
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