Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Climate Change: An Overview of Potential Health Impacts Associated with Climate Change Environmental Driving Forces

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Buildings

Part of the book series: Innovative Renewable Energy ((INREE))

Abstract

Background: Climate change is the “biggest global health threat of the twenty-first century; many observers expect that earth will warm to at least 2 °C (3.6 °F) over the preindustrial average; rainfall patterns will change; extreme weather events will become more frequent; sea levels will rise, with increased flooding in coastal areas; and so forth. Such changes may have serious repercussions for children and families worldwide. Climate change entails a wide variety of public health risks, authorities and other stakeholders thus need to understand current and projected impacts of climate change and their implications for health to prepare and implement a variety of responses to ensure an optimal level of adaptation. Examples of such responses include early warning systems, emergency management plans and provisions and health systems strengthening; other preventive measures include safer housing, flood protection, vector control, and improved surveillance.

Objectives: (a) To review the direct and indirect impact of climate change on health, (b) to provide evidence of climate change and related infectious diseases, (c) to highlight on the serious diseases correlated with climate extremes, (d) to provide an evidence for estimating disease burden and risk factors correlated with climate change, and (e) to review climate change health impacts on developed and developing countries with more focus on middle East.

Methodology: This paper uses a systematic review of different studies and journal articles addressing climate change issue, besides reviewing the publications addressed by global and international health institutions and organizations, such as WHO Organization, CDC, and NIH. Findings are synthesized, summed up, and interpreted to generate the evidence. Different key words were used to synthesize the inputs, such as climate change, infectious diseases, developing countries, developed countries, Middle East, and burden of disease.

Key findings: Climate change is expected to cause approximately 250,000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050, approximately 87 million people were displaced due to extreme weather events between 2008 and 2011. WHO estimates that every year about 150,000 deaths occur worldwide in low-income countries due to adverse effects of climate change, such as malnutrition, floods, diarrheal diseases, and malaria. FAO estimates that by 2030, up to 122 million more people could be forced into extreme poverty because of climate change. Direct health effects will be temperature-related illness and death, extreme weather-related health effects, and airborne-related health effects. Indirect health effects are water and foodborne, vector-borne, and rodent borne diseases, food and water shortage, and nutritional and mental health effects. Excess mortality due to heat waves is greatest in the elderly and those with low immunity. This mortality occurs because of CVD or cerebrovascular or respiratory diseases. Winter mortality was reported to be 10–25% higher than those in summer, due to CVD, circulatory and respiratory diseases, and influenza outbreaks. In terms of Burden of disease, measured by DALYs, climate change is estimated to have caused the loss of over 150,000 lives and 5,500,000 DALYs (0.3% of deaths and 0.4% of DALYs, respectively).

The Middle East is going to experience climate change threatening basic life, due to reduced surface water hitting agriculture and resulting in crop failure and might lead to starvation and poverty. Lack of available drinking water will increase cholera and other waterborne diseases. The government could respond by importing more water at a financial cost but also an environmental one, as it requires transport, causing again the release of CO2. UAE has one of the highest levels of GHG emissions per capita; however, there are only limited impacts on infectious and diarrheal diseases in the UAE due to relatively low baseline levels of these climate-sensitive diseases. The major impacts of climate change in the UAE are expected to be increased heat stress.

Conclusion: Climate change has enormous and diverse effects on human health. Rises in temperature and sea level and extreme weather events such as floods cause water logging and contamination, which in turn exacerbate diarrheal diseases. Vector-borne diseases and other communicable disease will be the result of climate change. Poor and poorer nations will be more impacted due to fragile health systems and resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. McMichael AJ (2013) Globalization, climate change, and human health. N Engl J Med 368:1335–1343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Confalonieri U et al (2007) Human health. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Parry ML et al (eds) Fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 391–431

    Google Scholar 

  3. McMichael AJ et al (2000) The sustainability transition: a new challenge (Editorial). Bull World Health Organ 78:1067

    Google Scholar 

  4. UNchronicle (2007) The health effects of global warming: developing countries are the most vulnerable. The magazine of United Nations, vol XLIV(2)

    Google Scholar 

  5. CDC (2016) Climate effects on health. Available on: https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm

  6. Kumaresan J, Sathiakumar N (2010) Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action. World Health Organization Center for Health Development, Kobe, Japan. Bull World Health Organ 88:163. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.10.076034. Available at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/3/10-076034/en/#R1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. McMichael AJ et al. Climate change and human health: risks and responses. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. ISBN: 92-4-156248-X

    Google Scholar 

  8. Langford IH, Bentham G (1995) The potential effects of climate change on winter mortality in England and Wales. Int J Biometeorol 38:141–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Rooney C et al (1998) Excess mortality in England and Wales during the 1995 heatwave. J Epidemiol Commun Health 52:482–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kalkstein LS, Greene JS (1997) An evaluation of climate/mortality relationships in large U.S. cities and the possible impacts of a climate change. Environ Health Perspect 105:84–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Donaldson GC et al (2001) Heat and cold related mortality and morbidity and climate change. In: Health effects of climate change in the UK. Department of Health, London

    Google Scholar 

  12. Whitman S et al (1997) Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heatwave. Am J Public Health 87(9):1515–1518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kilbourne EM (1989) Heat waves. In: Gregg MB (ed) The public health consequences of disasters. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, pp 51–61

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kumar S (1998) India’s heatwave and rains result in massive death toll. Lancet 351:1869–1869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1997) Heat-related deaths—Dallas, Wichita, and Cooke Counties, Texas, and United States, 1996. J Am Med Assoc 278:462–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bridger CA, Helfand LA (1968) Mortality from heat during July 1966 in Illinois. Int J Biometeorol 12:51–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Donaldson GC et al (1998) Winter mortality and cold stress in Yekaterinberg, Russia: interview survey. Br Med J 316:514–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. West RR, Lowe CR (1976) Mortality from ischaemic heart disease: inter-town variation and its association with climate in England and Wales. Int J Epidemiol 5(2):195–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Donaldson GC et al (2001) Outdoor clothing and its relationship to geography, climate, behaviour and cold related mortality. Int J Biometeorol 45:45–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mitchell R (2001) Short days—shorter lives: studying winter mortality to get solutions. Int J Epidemiol 30:1116–1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wilkinson P et al (1999) Case-control study of hospital admission with asthma in children aged 5–14 years: relation with road traffic in north-west London. Thorax 54(12):1070–1074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Glantz M, Jamison DT (2000) Societal response to Hurricane Mitch and intra-versus intergenerational equity issues: whose norms should apply? Risk Anal 20(6):869–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Munich re group topics: natural catastrophes 2000, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (1999) Disasters and health in 1998: a report of the Pan American Health Organization’s Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief Coordination Program. PAHO, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  25. Banse M, Van Meijl H, Tabeau A, Woltjer G (2008) Will EU biofuel policies affect global agricultural markets? Eur Rev Agric Econ 35:117–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Curriero F et al (2001) The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948–1994. Am J Public Health 91(8):1194–1199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bouma MJ, van der Kaay HJ (1996) The El Niño Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system. Trop Med Int Health 1(1):86–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. McMichael AJ et al (1996) Climate change and human health: an assessment prepared by a task group on behalf of the World Health Organization, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  29. World Health Organization (WHO) (1998) El Niño and its health impacts. Wkly Epidemiol Record 20:148–152

    Google Scholar 

  30. Dales RE et al (1991) Respiratory health effects of home dampness and molds among Canadian children. Am J Epidemiol 134:196–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Greenough G et al (2001) The potential impacts of climate variability and change on health impacts of extreme weather events in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 2):191–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Bennet G (1970) Bristol floods 1968: controlled survey of effects on health of local community disaster. Br Med J 3:454–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Abrahams MJ et al (1976) The Brisbane floods, January 1974: their impact on health. Med J Aust 2:936–939

    Google Scholar 

  34. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (1999) World disasters report. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  35. Sastry N (2002) Forest fires, air pollution and mortality in south-east Asia. Demography 39(1):1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Schwela DH et al (1999) Health guidelines for vegetation fire events. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology (IEE), Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  37. Public Health Institute, Central Climate Change and Health (2016) Sea level rise

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ziska LH, Caulfield FA (2000) Pollen production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) a known allergy–inducing species: implications for public health. Aust J Plant Physiol 27:893–898

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ziska LH, Caulfield FA (2000) The potential influence of raising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on public health: pollen production of common ragweed as a test case. World Resour Rev 12:449–457

    Google Scholar 

  40. World Health Organization (WHO) (1999) Health guidelines for episodic vegetation fire events. World Health Organization, Geneva. (WHO/EHG/99.7)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shindell DT et al (1998) Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Nature 392:589–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Patz JA et al (2000) The potential health impacts of climate variability and change for the United States. Executive summary of the report of the health sector of the U.S. National Assessment. J Environ Health 64:20–28

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lipp EK, Rose JB (1997) The role of seafood in foodborne diseases in the United States of America. Revue Scientific et Technicale. Office Internationale des Epizootics 16:620–640

    Google Scholar 

  44. World Health Organization (WHO) (2002) The world health report 2002. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  45. Prothero RM (1994) Forced movements of populations and health hazards in tropical Africa. Int J Epidemiol 23:657–663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Atherholt TB et al (1998) Effects of rainfall on giardia and cryptosporidium. J Am Water Works Assoc 90:66–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Lisle JT, Rose JB (1995) Cryptosporidium contamination of water in the US and UK: a mini-review. Aqua 44:103–117

    Google Scholar 

  48. Rose JBS et al (2000) Climate and waterborne outbreaks in the US: a preliminary descriptive analysis. J Am Water Works Assoc 92:77–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Colwell RR (1996) Global warming and infectious diseases. Science 274:2025–2031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Schwartz J, Levin R (1999) Drinking water turbidity and health. Epidemiology 10:86–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Clayton S, Manning CM, Hodge C (2014) Beyond storms & droughts: the psychological impacts of climate change. American Psychological Association and ecoAmerica, Washington, DC, 51 pp

    Google Scholar 

  52. World Health Organization (WHO) (1998) Malaria—WHO fact sheet no. 94. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  53. Martens WJM (1998) Health and climate change: modelling the impacts of global warming and ozone depletion. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  54. Patz JA et al (1996) Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. J Am Med Assoc 275:217–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. MacDonald G (1957) The epidemiology and control of malaria. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  56. Bradley DJ (1993) Human tropical diseases in a changing environment. Environmental change and human health. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium 175. Press, Oxford, pp 146–162

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  57. Lindsay SW, Birley MH (1996) Climate change and malaria transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90(6):573–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Gubler DJ et al (2001) Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 2):223–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM (2001) Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(25):14509–14511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Cox J et al (1999) Mapping malaria risk in the highlands of Africa. MARA/HIMAL technical report, p 96

    Google Scholar 

  61. Jetten TH, Focks DA (1997) Potential changes in the distribution of dengue transmission under climate warming. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57:285–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Martens WJM et al (1995) Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a global modeling perspective. Global Environ Change 5:195–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Martens WJM et al (1995) Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environ Health Perspect 103:458–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Bouma MJ, van der Kaay HJ (1995) Epidemic malaria in India’s Thar Desert. Lancet 373:132–133

    Google Scholar 

  65. Bouma MJ, Dye C (1997) Cycles of malaria associated with El Niño in Venezuela. J Am Med Assoc 278:1772–1774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Diaz HF et al (2000) Climate and human health linkages on multiple timescales. In: Jones PD et al (eds) Climate and climatic impacts through the last 1000 years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  67. Gill CA (1920) The relationship of malaria and rainfall. Indian J Med Res 7(3):618–632

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gubler DJ (1997) Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever: its history and resurgence as a global public health problem. In: Gubler DJ, Kuno G (eds) Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. CAB International, New York, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lien TV, Ninh NH (1996) In: Glantz MH (ed) Currents of change: El Niño’s impact on climate and society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  70. Parmenter RR et al (1999) Incidence of plague associated with increased winter-spring precipitation in New Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:814–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Wilson ML. Ecology and infectious disease(2001) In: Aron JL, Patz JA (eds) Ecosystem change and public health: a global perspective. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp 283–324

    Google Scholar 

  72. Mills JN et al (1999) Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: rationale, potential and methods. Emerg Infect Dis 5:95–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Hjelle B, Glass GE (2000) Outbreak of hantavirus infection in the Four Corners region of the United States in the wake of the 1997–1998 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J Infect Dis 181(5):1569–1573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Wenzel RP (1994) A new hantavirus infection in North America. N Engl J Med 330:1004–1005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Engelthaler DM et al (1999) Climatic and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Four Corners region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5:87–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1999) The state of food insecurity in the world 1999. FAO, Rome, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  77. Sachs J, Malaney P (2002) The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415:680–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001) Climate change 2001: IPCC third assessment report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  79. Nelson KE (2000) Early history of infectious disease: epidemiology and control of infectious diseases. In: Nelson KE et al (eds) Infectious disease epidemiology. Aspen Publishers Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, pp 3–16

    Google Scholar 

  80. Moore PS (1992) Meningococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a model for the epidemic process. Clin Infect Dis 14(2):515–525

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  81. WHO (2013) Climate change and health: a tool to estimate health and adaptation costs

    Google Scholar 

  82. Gubler DJ, Meltzer M (2000) The impact of dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever in the developing world. In: Maramorosch K et al (eds) Advances in virus research, vol 53. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 35–70

    Google Scholar 

  83. Campbell-Lendrum D et al (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Barreca A et al (2013) Adapting to climate change: the remarkable decline in the U.S. temperature—mortality relationship over the 20th century, Working paper no. 18692. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  85. Almond D, Chay KY, Greenstone M (2006) Civil rights, the war on poverty, and black-white convergence in infant mortality in the rural South and Mississippi, Working paper no. 07-04. Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  86. Hanna R, Oliva P (2016) Implications of climate change for children in developing countries. Future for children.org 26(1)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Almond D, Currie J (2011) Killing me softly: the fetal origins hypothesis. J Econ Perspect 25(3):153–172. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data repository. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.CM300REG6

  89. Hijioka Y et al (2014) Asia. In: Barros VR et al (eds) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1327–1370

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gamper-Rabindran S, Khan S, Timmins C (2010) The impact of piped water provision on infant mortality in Brazil: a quantile panel data approach. J Develop Econ 92:188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.02.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Orlowsky and Seneviratne. Global changes

    Google Scholar 

  92. Rodó X et al (2002) ENSO and cholera: a nonstationary link related to climate change? Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:12901–12906. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182203999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. UNICEF. Bangladesh—statistics. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html. Accessed 26 Jan 2015

  94. Miguel E, Kremer M (2004) Worms: identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities. Econometrica 72:159–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  95. Baird S et al (2015) Worms at work: long-run impacts of a child health investment, Working paper no. 21428. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  96. Epstein PR (2001) Climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Microb Infect 3:747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01429-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Rogers DJ, Randolph SE (2000) The global spread of Malaria in a future, warmer world. Science 289:1763–1766. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1763

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Martens WJM, Jetten TH, Focks DA (1997) Sensitivity of malaria, schistosomiasis and dengue to global warming. Clim Change 35:145–156. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005365413932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Strömberg D (2007) Natural disasters, economic development, and humanitarian aid. J Econ Perspect 21(3):199–222. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.3.199

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  100. Kellenberg DK, Mobarak AM (2008) Does rising income increase or decrease damage risk from natural disasters? J Urban Econ 63:788–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.05.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Flannigan MD, Stocks BJ, Mike Wotton B (2000) Climate change and forest fires. Sci Total Environ 262:221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00524-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Jayachandran S (2009) Air quality and early-life mortality: evidence from Indonesia’s wildfires. J Human Resour 44:916–954. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.44.4.916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Prospero JM, Lamb PJ (2003) African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean: climate change implications. Science 302:1024–1027. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. A. Pope III (2000) Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who’s at risk? Environ Health Perspect 108:713–723. https://doi.org/10.2307/3454408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Chay KY, Greenstone M (2003) The impact of air pollution on infant mortality: evidence from geographic variation in pollution shocks induced by a recession. Quart J Econ 118:1121–1167. https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360698513

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  106. Luis AD et al (2010) The effect of seasonality, density and climate on the population dynamics of Montana deer mice, important reservoir hosts for Sin Nombre hantavirus. J Anim Ecol 79:462–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01646.x

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  107. Harvell D et al (2002) Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296:2158–2162. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Chaudhuri S, Paxson C (2002) Smoothing consumption under income seasonality: buffer stocks vs. credit markets, Discussion paper 0102-54. Department of Economics, Columbia University, New York

    Google Scholar 

  109. Currie J, Vogl T (2013) Early-life health and adult circumstance in developing countries. Annu Rev Econ 5:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081412-103704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Jayachandran S, Pande R (2014) Why are Indian children so short? Women and Public Policy Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 3 Nov 2014

    Google Scholar 

  111. Currie J, Vogl T (2012) Early-life health and adult circumstance in developing countries, Working paper no. 18371. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  112. Sen A (1981) Ingredients of famine analysis: availability and entitlements. Quart J Econ 96:433–464. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Gertler P (2004) Do conditional cash transfers improve child health? Evidence from PROGRESA’s control randomized experiment. Am Econ Rev 94(2):336–341. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041302109. Demography 43 (2006): 401–20, https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2006.0022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Shah M, Steinberg BM (2013) Drought of opportunities: contemporaneous and long term impacts of rainfall shocks on human capital, Working paper no. 19140. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  115. Currie J, Hyson R (1999) Is the impact of health shocks cushioned by socioeconomic status? The case of low birthweight. Am Econ Rev 89(2):245–250. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Field E, Robles O, Torero M (2009) Iodine deficiency and schooling attainment in Tanzania. Am Econ J: Appl Econ 1(4):140–169

    Google Scholar 

  117. Glewwe P, Jacoby H, King E (2001) Early childhood nutrition and academic achievement: a longitudinal analysis. J Public Econ 81:345–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00118-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Maccini S, Yang D (2009) Under the weather: health, schooling, and economic consequences of early-life rainfall. Am Econ Rev 99:1006–1026. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.3.1006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Almond D et al (2010) Long-term effects of early-life development: evidence from the 1959 to 1961 China famine. In: Ito T, Rose A (eds) The economic consequences of demographic change in East Asia, NBER-EASE, vol 19. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 321–345

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  120. Neelsen S, Stratmann T (2011) Effects of prenatal and early life malnutrition: evidence from the Greek famine. J Health Econ 30:479–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Gould ED, Lavy V, Paserman MD (2011) Sixty years after the magic carpet ride: the long-run effect of the early childhood environment on social and economic outcomes. Rev Econ Stud 78:938–973. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdq038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Case A, Ardington C. The impact of parental death on school outcomes: longitudinal evidence from South Africa

    Google Scholar 

  123. Heal G, Park J (2013) Feeling the heat: temperature, physiology and the wealth of nations, Working paper no. 19725. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  124. Currie J et al (2009) Does pollution increase school absences? Rev Econ Stat 91:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.4.682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Hornbeck R (2010) The enduring impact of the american dust bowl: short- and long-run adjustments to environmental catastrophe. Am Econ Rev 102:1477–1507. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Bohra-Mishra P, Oppenheimer M, Hsiang SM (2016) Nonlinear permanent migration response. Implications of climate change for children in developing countries. 26(1):131

    Google Scholar 

  127. Dinkelman T, Schulhofer-Wohl S (2012) Can migration reduce benefits of spatial programs? A model of congestion externalities with evidence from South Africa, Working paper no. 700. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN

    Google Scholar 

  128. Hsiang SM (2010) Temperatures and cyclones strongly associated with economic production in the Caribbean and Central America. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:15367–15372. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009510107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Mansuri G (2006) Migration, school attainment, and child labor: evidence from rural Pakistan, Working paper no. 3945. World Bank, Washington, DC

    Book  Google Scholar 

  130. Kar N et al (2007) Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors. BMC Psychiat 7:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Neugebauer R, Hoek HW, Susser E (1999) Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. J Am Med Assoc 282(5):455–462. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.5.455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Mani A et al (2013) Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science 341:976–980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Baird SJ et al (2012) Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and Herpes Simplex Type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 379(9823):1320–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61709-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Blakeslee DS, Fishman R (2014) Weather shocks, crime, and agriculture: evidence from India, Working paper. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY

    Google Scholar 

  135. Sekhri S, Storeygard A (2013) Dowry deaths: consumption smoothing in response to climate variability in India, Online paper 407. Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA

    Google Scholar 

  136. Keenan HT et al (2004) Increased incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury in children after a natural disaster. Am J Prev Med 26:189–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2003.10.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Mansour H, Rees DI (2012) Armed conflict and birth weight: evidence from the al-Aqsa Intifada. J Develop Econ 99(1):190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.12.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Burke M, Gong E, Jones KM (2014) Income shocks and HIV in Africa, Paper 55392. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  139. Yang D (2008) Coping with disaster: the impact of hurricanes on international financial flows, 1970–2002, B.E. J Econ Anal Policy 8:1–45. https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.1903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Costello A et al (2009) Managing the health effects of climate change. Lancet 373:1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Anttila-Hughes JK, Hsiang SM (2013) Destruction, disinvestment, and death: economic and human losses following environmental disaster, Working paper. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2220501

    Book  Google Scholar 

  142. Chen Y, Zhou L-A (2007) The long-term health and economic consequences of the 1959–1961 Famine in China. J Health Econ 26:659–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.12.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Ivanic M, Martin W (2008) Implications of higher global food prices for poverty in low-income countries. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/04/16/000158349_20080416103709/Rendered/PDF/wps4594.pdf. Accessed 16 Dec 2009

  144. Essays, UK (2013) Effects of climate change on the Middle East, Nov 2013. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental-studies/the-effects-of-climate-change-on-the-middle-east-environmental.php?vref=1

  145. Birmingham ME et al (1997) Epidemic cholera in Burundi: patterns in the Great Rift Valley Lake region. Lancet 349:981–985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Rigau-Perez JG et al (1998) Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 352:971–977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. 10 Leading causes of death by age group, United States—2012. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2012

  148. Huq A et al (2005) Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4645–4654. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.8.4645-4654.2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Lavy V, Ebenstein A, Roth S (2014) The impact of short term exposure to ambient air pollution on cognitive performance and human capital formation, Working paper no. 20648. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  150. Al-Midfa AA, Nation R. QATAR, Introduction. http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/WKBASE/MiddleEastDir/QATAR.htm. Accessed 17 Jan 2010

  151. Adhvaryu A, Fenske J, Nyshadham A (2014) Early life circumstance and adult mental health, Working paper no. 2014-03. Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  152. Dinar A et al (1998) Measuring the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture. Technical paper no. 402. World Bank, Washington, DC, p 12

    Book  Google Scholar 

  153. Asian Development Bank (2009) The economics of climate change in Southeast Asia: a regional review. ADB, Manila. Available from: http://www.adb.org.Documents/Books/Economics-Climate-Chant3-SEA.default.asp. Accessed 14 May 2009

    Google Scholar 

  154. Atherton F et al (1995) An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply in the UK. Epidemiol Infect 115:123–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Bates BC, Kundzewicz ZW, Wu S, Palutikof JP (eds) (2008) Climate change and water. Technical paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp., pp 15–16, 20, 29–30, 40. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/technical-papers/climate-change-water-en.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2009

    Google Scholar 

  156. BBC. Ben Thompson. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8144171.stm. Accessed 13 Jan 2010

  157. Jones BF, Olken BA (2010) Climate shocks and exports. Am Econ Rev: Papers Proc 100:454–459. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Hansen B (2013) In: National Bureau of Economic Research (ed) Economic conditions and child abuse, Working paper no. 18994, Cambridge, MA. Rema Hanna and Paulina Oliva 132 THE FUTURE OF CHILDREN

    Google Scholar 

  159. Bentham G, Langford IH (1995) Climate change and the incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales. Int J Biometeorol 39:81–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Bentham G, Langford IH (2001) Environmental temperatures and the incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales. Int J Biometeorol 45(1):22–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Berman I, Wihbey PM. The new water politics of the Middle East. http://www.iasps.org/strategic/water.htm. Accessed 27 Dec 2009

  162. Orlowsky B, Seneviratne SI (2012) Global changes in extreme events: regional and seasonal dimension. Clim Change 110:669–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0122-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Brown ME et al (2015) Climate change, global food security and the U.S. Food System. U.S. Global Change Research Program, 146 pp

    Google Scholar 

  164. Gautier C (2008) Oil, water and climate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 4–34, 81–137, 168–221

    Google Scholar 

  165. CDC (2015) Lyme disease: data and statistics: maps—reported cases of Lyme disease—United States, 2001–2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

    Google Scholar 

  166. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (1998) Community needs assessment and morbidity surveillance following an ice storm—Maine, January 1998. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 47:351–354

    Google Scholar 

  167. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (1995) Heat-related deaths: Chicago July 1995. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 44:577–597

    Google Scholar 

  168. Gray CL, Mueller V (2012) Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:6000–6005. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.111594410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Climate change and human health in Asia and the Pacific: from evidence to action. Report of the: Regional Workshop, Bali, Indonesia, 10–12 Dec 2007. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/en/. Accessed 4 May 2009

  170. Climate of Saudi Arabia, Dec 1992. http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/aneplacesgeography/qt/ClimSaudiArabia.htm. Accessed 14 Jan 2010

  171. St. Clair D et al (2005) Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959–1961. J Am Med Assoc 294(5):557–562. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Robine JM, Cheung SL, Le Roy S, Van Oyen H, Griffiths C, Michel JP et al (2008) Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. C R Biol 331(2):171–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Dedet JP et al (1995) Leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus infections. Presse Med 24:1036–1040

    Google Scholar 

  174. Bankher KA, Al-Harthi AA. Earth fissuring and land subsidence in Western Saudi Arabia. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k24237u861k4rwh2/fulltext.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2010

  175. Economics and Development Resource Center (2008) Basic statistics. Asian Development Bank, Manila. Available from: www.adb.org/statistics/pdf/basic-statistics-2008.pdf. Accessed 28 May 2009

    Google Scholar 

  176. Fann N, Nolte CG, Dolwick P, Spero TL, Curry Brown A, Phillips S, Anenberg S (2015) The geographic distribution and economic value of climate change-related ozone health impacts in the United States in 2030. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 65:570–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.996270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Frykberg M (2010) Gaza’s water supply near collapse. http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2009/09/17-7. Accessed 14 Jan 2010

  178. Glass GE et al (2000) Using remotely sensed data to identify areas at risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 6:238–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. WHO (2008) Global health statistics. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  180. Hegerl G, Luterbacher J, González-Rouco F, Tett SFB, Crowley T, Xoplaki E (2011) Influence of human and natural forcing on European seasonal temperatures. Nat Geosci 4:99–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. WHO (2009) Impact of climate change on communicable diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section10/Section2537_14458.htm. Accessed 28 May 2009

    Google Scholar 

  182. Industrial diversification lifts off in Saudi Arabia. http://www.ameinfo.com/65654.html. Accessed 13 Jan 2010

  183. IPCC (2014) Summary for policymakers. In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, von Stechow C, Zwickel T, Minx JC (eds) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  184. van der Leun JC, de Gruijl FR (2002) Climate change and skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 1:324–326. https://doi.org/10.1039/b201025a. … skin cancer could become 21 percent

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Kyselý J, Beranová R (2008) Climate-change effects on extreme precipitation in central Europe: uncertainties of scenarios based on regional climate models, 20 Jan 2008. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g352151n17746722/fulltext.pdf

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Gibson J, McKenzie D, Stillman S (2011) The impacts of international migration on remaining household members: omnibus results from a migration lottery program. Rev Econ Stat 93:1297–1318. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Angrist JD, Lavy V (1999) Using Maimonides’ rule to estimate the effect of class size on scholastic achievement. Quart J Econ 114:533–575. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Duflo E, Dupas P, Kremer M (2010) Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya. Am Econ Rev 101:1739–1774. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.5.1739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Kalkstein L, Smoyer KE (1993) The impact of climate on Canadian mortality: present relationships and future scenarios. Canadian Climate Centre Report 93-7. Atmospheric Environment Service, Downview, ON, p 50

    Google Scholar 

  190. Katsouyanni K et al (1993) Evidence for interaction between air pollution and high temperature in the causation of excess mortality. Archit Environ Health 48:235–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. Kovats R (1999) El Niño and health. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  192. Kríz B (1998) Infectious diseases: consequences of the massive 1997 summer flood in the Czech Republic (EHRO 020502/12 Working group paper)

    Google Scholar 

  193. Kríz B et al (1998) Monitoring of the epidemiological situation in flooded areas of the Czech Republic in 1997. In: Proceedings of the conference DDD’98 11–12 May 1998, Podebrady, Czech Republic

    Google Scholar 

  194. Lake IR et al (2012) Climate change and food security: health impacts in developed countries. Environ Health Perspect 120:1520–1526. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Landefield J, Seskin E (1982) The economic value of life: linking theory to practice. Am J Public Health 72:555–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Lindhjem H, Analyse V, Navrud S (2012) Meta-analysis of stated preference value of a statistical life studies: further model sensitivity and benefit transfer issues. Working Party on National Environmental Policies, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. (ENV/EOPC/WPNEP(2010)10/ Final)

    Google Scholar 

  197. Ramos MC, Martínez-Casasnovas JA (2008) Impacts of annual precipitation extremes on soil and nutrient losses in vineyards of NE Spain. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121412168/PDFSTART. Accessed 21 Jan 2010

  198. MacKenzie WR et al (1994) A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 331:1529–1530

    Google Scholar 

  199. Manitoba Water Commission (1998) An independent review of action taken during the 1997 Red River flood. Minister of Natural Resources, Winnipeg, MB

    Google Scholar 

  200. Martens P (1997) Climate change, thermal stress and mortality changes. Soc Sci Med 46:331–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Martens WJM et al (1999) Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria. Global Environ Change 9(Suppl):S89–S107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Kahn ME (2005) The death toll from natural disasters: the role of income, geography, and institutions. Rev Econ Stat 87:271–284. https://doi.org/10.1162/0034653053970339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. McMichael AJ, Kovats S (1998) Assessment of the impact on mortality in England and Wales of the heat wave and associated air pollution episode of 1976. Report to the Department of Health. London School of Tropical Medicine, London

    Google Scholar 

  204. McMichael AJ (2002) Population, environment, disease, and survival: past patterns, uncertain futures. Lancet 359:1145–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Melillo JM, Richmond TC, Yohe GW (eds) (2014) Climate change impacts in the United States: the third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 841 pp. https://doi.org/10.7930/J0Z31WJ2

    Book  Google Scholar 

  206. Middle East Central Asia Economy (2010). http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/middle-east-central-asian/

  207. Middle Eastern Tourism Analysis, 1 May 2007. http://www.tourism-review.com/top_weekly_full.php?id=305. Accessed 2001

  208. Miller A et al (2000) What’s fair? Consumer and climate change. Redefining Progress, San Francisco, CA, p 67

    Google Scholar 

  209. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (1996) World disaster report 1996. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  210. Türkeş M, Tatlı H (2009) Use of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and a modified SPI for shaping the drought probabilities over Turkey, 8 Jan 2009. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121685339/PDFSTART. Accessed 21 Jan 2010

  211. Narain JP (2009) Climate change brings natural disasters and disease. Science and Development Network, London. Available from: http://www.scidev.net/en/health/climate-change-insect-borne-disease/opinions/climate-change-brings-natural-disasters-and-disease.html. Accessed 6 Oct 2009

    Google Scholar 

  212. Hildebrandt N, McKenzie DJ (2005) The effects of migration on child health in Mexico, Working Paper no. 3573. World Bank, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  213. Brown O, Crawford A. Rising temperatures, rising tensions, climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East. http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/rising_temps_middle_east.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2009

  214. O’Riordan T (2000) Environmental science for environmental management, Essex, Chapter 7: Climate change, pp 178–182

    Google Scholar 

  215. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (1998) El Niño and its impact on health

    Google Scholar 

  216. Patz J et al (2000) The potential health impacts of climate variability and change for the United States: executive summary of the report of the health sector of the US National Assessment. Environ Health Perspect 108:367–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Franco AA et al (1997) Cholera in Lima, Peru, correlates with prior isolation of Vibrio cholerae from the environment. Am J Epidemiol 146:1067–1075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. Pittock AB (1999) Coral reef and environmental change: adaptation to what? Am Zool 39:10–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  219. Zhou XN, Yang GJ, Yang K, Wang XH, Hong QB, Sun LP et al (2008) Potential impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78(2):188–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  220. Bohra-Mishra P, Oppenheimer M, Hsiang SM (2014) Nonlinear permanent migration response to climatic variations but minimal response to disasters. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:9780–9785. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317166111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  221. Durao R, Pereira MJ, Costa AC, Côrte-Real JM, Soares A (2009) Indices of precipitation extremes in Southern Portugal—a geostatistical approach. http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/241/2009/nhess-9-241-2009.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2010

  222. Samuels R, Rimmer A, Alpert P (2009) Effect of extreme rainfall events on the water resources of the Jordan River. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V6C-4WNRK7SR&_cdi=5811&_user=486651&_orig=search&_coverDate=09%2F15%2F2009&_sk=996249996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzV&md5=def4e3d16a3559b93c6763ed0353c362&ie=/sdarticle.pdf. Accessed 18 Jan 2010

  223. Royal Society (2009) Reaping the benefits: science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture. Royal Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  224. Soyupak S, Mukhallalati L, Yemişen D, Bayar A, Yurter C (1996) Evaluation of eutrophication control strategies for the Keban Dam reservoir. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBS-3SWJMJ2-M-3&_cdi=5934&_user=486651&_orig=search&_coverDate=04%2F15%2F1997&_sk=999029998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWb&md5=48bf35a8ccce93e5d25cbc0d67be5c64&ie=/sdarticle.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2010

    Google Scholar 

  225. Puri S, Klingbeil R. Aquifers in the Middle East Region. http://www.geopotenzial-nordsee.de/nn_459046/EN/Themen/TZ/TechnZusammenarb/Politikberatung__GW/Downloads/pbgw__puri,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/pbgw_puri.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2010

  226. Lindo JM, Schaller J, Hansen B (2013) Economic conditions and child abuse, Working paper no. 18994. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  227. Smith AB, Katz RW (2013) US billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: data sources, trends, accuracy and biases. Nat Hazards 67:387–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  228. Smith JB, Lenhart SS (1996) Climate change adaptation policy options. Clim Res 6(2):193–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. Adhvaryu A, Kala N, Nyshadham A (2014) In: University of Michigan (ed) The light and the heat: productivity cobenefits of energy-saving technology, Ann Arbor, MI

    Google Scholar 

  230. Stern N (2007) The economics of climate change: the Stern review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  231. Dasgupta S, Laplante B, Meisner C, Wheeler D, Yan J (2007) The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis, Feb 2007. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2007/02/09/000016406_20070209161430/Rendered/PDF/wps4136.pdf. Accessed 18 Jan 2010

  232. Kovats S (2000) El Niño and human health. Bull World Health Organ 78(9):1127–1135

    Google Scholar 

  233. Dinkelman T (2013) Mitigating long-run health effects of drought: evidence from South Africa, Working paper no. 19756. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  234. The World Bank, Middle East & North Africa. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTWAT/0,,contentMDK:21634952~menuPK:4708988~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:4602123,00.html. Accessed 16 Dec 2009

  235. Turkey’s Climate Regions. http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/WhenToGo/ClimaticRegions.html. Accessed 14 Jan 2010

  236. Turner BL et al (2003) A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8074–8079. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231335100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  237. United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Climate change 2007. IPCC fourth assessment report. World Meteorological Association, Geneva. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report. Accessed 28 Oct 2009

    Book  Google Scholar 

  238. United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service (2008) IRAQ: drought reduces 2008/09 winter grain production, 9 May 2008. http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2008/05/Iraq_may2008.htm. Accessed 27 Dec 2009

  239. Kharin VV, Zwiers FW, Zhang X, Hegerl GC. Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the IPCC ensemble of global coupled model simulations. http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0442/20/8/pdf/i1520-0442-20-8-1419.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2010

  240. Wallis PM et al (1996) Prevalence of giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of giardia spp. Isolated from drinking water in Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2789–2797

    Google Scholar 

  241. Woodward A et al (1995) Tropospheric ozone: respiratory effects and Australian air quality goals. J Epidemiol Commun Health 49:401–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  242. Petroeschevsky A et al (2001) Associations between outdoor air pollution and hospital admissions in Brisbane, Australia. Arch Environ Health 56:37–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  243. World Atlas. http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/me.htm. Accessed 14 Dec 2009

  244. World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) In: Corvalán C et al (eds) Decision-making in environmental health: from evidence to action. Published On Behalf of WHO by E & FN Spon, London

    Google Scholar 

  245. World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) World health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  246. World Health Organization (2007) Climate change and human health in Asia and the Pacific: from evidence to action. Report of the: Regional Workshop, Bali, Indonesia, 10–12 Dec 2007. WHO, Geneva. Available from: http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/en/

    Google Scholar 

  247. World Health Organization (2009) Impact of climate change on communicable diseases. WHO, Geneva. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section10/Section2537_14458.htm. Accessed 28 May 2009

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. American University in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Jazla Fadda

Authors
  1. Jazla Fadda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jazla Fadda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. World Renewable Energy Congress, Brighton, UK

    Ali Sayigh

Appendices

Appendix 1: Extreme Weather Events and Related Health Problems

 

Primary environmental effects

Social effects

Health impacts

Vulnerable groups

Heat- waves

Reduced crop productivity

Increased food prices

Increased total mortality

Diabetes

Elders

Animals death

 

Cause-specific mortality

Mental health

Children

Fires

 

Respiratory diseases

CVD

People with pre-existing chronic diseases

  

Rental diseases

  

Floods

Increase bacteria

Infrastructure damage

Mortality due to drowning

Injuries

Elders

Parasites

Mobility

CVD

Intoxication

People live in flood plains

 

Relocation

Injuries

Mental health

Repair workers

 

Interruption of healthcare provision

Respiratory infections

  

Droughts

Reduced crop productivity

Relocation

Protein-energy malnutrition

Skin diseases

Children

Inadequate water supply

Inadequate sanitation services

Micronutrient deficiency

 

Women

Lack of water

Lack of sanitation

Skin diseases

  

Animals deaths

 

Infectious diseases

  
  

Acute respiratory infections

  

Fires

 

Measles

  

Fires

Toxic and pollutants in the air

Infrastructure damage

Deaths

 

Young children

  

Burning injuries

 

Pregnant women

  

Asthma

Eyes irritations

Elders

  

Chronic diseases

 

CVD patients

  

CVD

 

Respiratory patients

  

Mental health

 

Fire fighter

Appendix 2: Increase of Temperature and Changes in Precipitation and Related Health Problems

 

Primary environmental effects

Social effects

Health impacts

Vulnerable groups

Glacier melting and Sea level rise

Floods risk

Relocation

Injuries

Morbidity

Everyone

Breaking down of coastal settlement

 

Morbidity

Mortality

Water quality

 

Waterborne diseases

Diarrheal diseases Cholera/typhoid

Higher sea surface temperatures increase the occurrence of algal

 

Poisoning

Algal blooms

  

Foodborne diseases “Salmonella”

Parasitic diseases such as amoebiasis, giardiasis and cryptosporidium

Reduced food yields

 

Changes in food availability

Malnutrition

Child development

Children

 

Change in food price

Micronutrient deficiencies

 

Pregnant women

Ecosystem changes

Microbial ecology change

 

Vector- borne diseases

Leishmaniasis

Everyone

Host animals

 

Rodent borne diseases

Dengue

Vectors

  

Tickborne diseases

Pathogens multiplications

   

Heavy Storms

Air pollution

 

Morbidity

CVD

People with chronic diseases

  

Mortality

Respiratory diseases

 
 

Displacements

Mental health

 

Children

 

Loss jobs

Other related risks to lack of accessing health services

 

Children, Elders

 

Loss of livelihood

   

Heavy rainfall

Transfer terrestrial microbiological agents into drinking-water sources

 

Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, amoebiasis, typhoid

 

Everyone

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fadda, J. (2020). Climate Change: An Overview of Potential Health Impacts Associated with Climate Change Environmental Driving Forces. In: Sayigh, A. (eds) Renewable Energy and Sustainable Buildings. Innovative Renewable Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18487-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-18488-9

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation