Abstract
XOR-metrics measure the efficiency of certain arithmetic operations in binary finite fields. We prove some new results about two different XOR-metrics that have been used in the past. In particular, we disprove a conjecture from [10]. We consider implementations of multiplication with one fixed element in a binary finite field. Here we achieve a complete characterization of all elements whose multiplication matrix can be implemented using exactly 2 XOR-operations, confirming a conjecture from [2]. Further, we provide new results and examples in more general cases, showing that significant improvements in implementations are possible.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Babbage, S., Dodd, M.: The MICKEY stream ciphers. In: Robshaw, M., Billet, O. (eds.) New Stream Cipher Designs. LNCS, vol. 4986, pp. 191–209. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68351-3_15
Beierle, C., Kranz, T., Leander, G.: Lightweight multiplication in \(GF(2^n)\) with applications to MDS matrices. In: Robshaw, M., Katz, J. (eds.) CRYPTO 2016, Part I. LNCS, vol. 9814, pp. 625–653. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53018-4_23
Canright, D.: A very compact S-box for AES. In: Rao, J.R., Sunar, B. (eds.) CHES 2005. LNCS, vol. 3659, pp. 441–455. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11545262_32
Daemen, J., Rijmen, V.: Correlation analysis in \({GF}(2^n)\). In: Junod, P., Canteaut, A. (eds.) Advanced Linear Cryptanalysis of Block and Stream Ciphers. Cryptology and Information Security, pp. 115–131. IOS Press (2011)
De Cannière, C., Preneel, B.: Trivium. In: Robshaw, M., Billet, O. (eds.) New Stream Cipher Designs. LNCS, vol. 4986, pp. 244–266. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68351-3_18
Duval, S., Leurent, G.: MDS matrices with lightweight circuits. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2018(2), 48–78 (2018). https://doi.org/10.13154/tosc.v2018.i2.48-78
Hahn, A., O’Meara, T.: The Classical Groups and K-Theory. Springer, Heidelberg (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13152-7
Hell, M., Johansson, T., Meier, W.: Grain; a stream cipher for constrained environments. Int. J. Wire. Mob. Comput. 2(1), 86–93 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWMC.2007.013798
Hoffman, K., Kunze, R.: Linear Algebra. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1961)
Jean, J., Peyrin, T., Sim, S.M., Tourteaux, J.: Optimizing implementations of lightweight building blocks. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2017(4), 130–168 (2017)
Kaplansky, I.: Elementary divisors and modules. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 66, 464–491 (1949). https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-1949-0031470-3
Khoo, K., Peyrin, T., Poschmann, A.Y., Yap, H.: FOAM: searching for hardware-optimal SPN structures and components with a fair comparison. In: Batina, L., Robshaw, M. (eds.) CHES 2014. LNCS, vol. 8731, pp. 433–450. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44709-3_24
Kranz, T., Leander, G., Stoffelen, K., Wiemer, F.: Shorter linear straight-line programs for MDS matrices. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2017(4), 188–211 (2017). https://doi.org/10.13154/tosc.v2017.i4.188-211. https://tosc.iacr.org/index.php/ToSC/article/view/813
LaMacchia, B.A., Odlyzko, A.M.: Solving large sparse linear systems over finite fields. In: Menezes, A.J., Vanstone, S.A. (eds.) CRYPTO 1990. LNCS, vol. 537, pp. 109–133. Springer, Heidelberg (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-38424-3_8
Li, Y., Wang, M.: On the construction of lightweight circulant involutory MDS matrices. In: Peyrin, T. (ed.) FSE 2016. LNCS, vol. 9783, pp. 121–139. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_7
Liu, M., Sim, S.M.: Lightweight MDS generalized circulant matrices. In: Peyrin, T. (ed.) FSE 2016. LNCS, vol. 9783, pp. 101–120. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_6
Saarinen, M.-J.O.: Cryptographic analysis of all 4 \(\times \) 4-bit S-boxes. In: Miri, A., Vaudenay, S. (eds.) SAC 2011. LNCS, vol. 7118, pp. 118–133. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28496-0_7
Sajadieh, M., Mousavi, M.: Construction of lightweight MDS matrices from generalized feistel structures. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2018, 1072 (2018)
Sarkar, S., Sim, S.M.: A deeper understanding of the XOR count distribution in the context of lightweight cryptography. In: Pointcheval, D., Nitaj, A., Rachidi, T. (eds.) AFRICACRYPT 2016. LNCS, vol. 9646, pp. 167–182. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31517-1_9
Sim, S.M., Khoo, K., Oggier, F., Peyrin, T.: Lightweight MDS involution matrices. In: Leander, G. (ed.) FSE 2015. LNCS, vol. 9054, pp. 471–493. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48116-5_23
Swan, R.G.: Factorization of polynomials over finite fields. Pacific J. Math. 12(3), 1099–1106 (1962)
Zhao, R., Wu, B., Zhang, R., Zhang, Q.: Designing optimal implementations of linear layers (full version). Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016/1118 (2016)
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank the anonymous referees for their comments that improved especially the introduction considerably and helped to set this work into context with existing literature.
I also thank Gohar Kyureghyan for many discussions and help with structuring this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 International Association for Cryptologic Research
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kölsch, L. (2019). XOR-Counts and Lightweight Multiplication with Fixed Elements in Binary Finite Fields. In: Ishai, Y., Rijmen, V. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2019. EUROCRYPT 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11476. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17653-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17653-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17652-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-17653-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)