Skip to main content

XOR-Counts and Lightweight Multiplication with Fixed Elements in Binary Finite Fields

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2019 (EUROCRYPT 2019)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNSC,volume 11476))

Abstract

XOR-metrics measure the efficiency of certain arithmetic operations in binary finite fields. We prove some new results about two different XOR-metrics that have been used in the past. In particular, we disprove a conjecture from [10]. We consider implementations of multiplication with one fixed element in a binary finite field. Here we achieve a complete characterization of all elements whose multiplication matrix can be implemented using exactly 2 XOR-operations, confirming a conjecture from [2]. Further, we provide new results and examples in more general cases, showing that significant improvements in implementations are possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Babbage, S., Dodd, M.: The MICKEY stream ciphers. In: Robshaw, M., Billet, O. (eds.) New Stream Cipher Designs. LNCS, vol. 4986, pp. 191–209. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68351-3_15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Beierle, C., Kranz, T., Leander, G.: Lightweight multiplication in \(GF(2^n)\) with applications to MDS matrices. In: Robshaw, M., Katz, J. (eds.) CRYPTO 2016, Part I. LNCS, vol. 9814, pp. 625–653. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53018-4_23

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Canright, D.: A very compact S-box for AES. In: Rao, J.R., Sunar, B. (eds.) CHES 2005. LNCS, vol. 3659, pp. 441–455. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11545262_32

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Daemen, J., Rijmen, V.: Correlation analysis in \({GF}(2^n)\). In: Junod, P., Canteaut, A. (eds.) Advanced Linear Cryptanalysis of Block and Stream Ciphers. Cryptology and Information Security, pp. 115–131. IOS Press (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  5. De Cannière, C., Preneel, B.: Trivium. In: Robshaw, M., Billet, O. (eds.) New Stream Cipher Designs. LNCS, vol. 4986, pp. 244–266. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68351-3_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Duval, S., Leurent, G.: MDS matrices with lightweight circuits. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2018(2), 48–78 (2018). https://doi.org/10.13154/tosc.v2018.i2.48-78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hahn, A., O’Meara, T.: The Classical Groups and K-Theory. Springer, Heidelberg (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13152-7

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Hell, M., Johansson, T., Meier, W.: Grain; a stream cipher for constrained environments. Int. J. Wire. Mob. Comput. 2(1), 86–93 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWMC.2007.013798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hoffman, K., Kunze, R.: Linear Algebra. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1961)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Jean, J., Peyrin, T., Sim, S.M., Tourteaux, J.: Optimizing implementations of lightweight building blocks. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2017(4), 130–168 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kaplansky, I.: Elementary divisors and modules. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 66, 464–491 (1949). https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-1949-0031470-3

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Khoo, K., Peyrin, T., Poschmann, A.Y., Yap, H.: FOAM: searching for hardware-optimal SPN structures and components with a fair comparison. In: Batina, L., Robshaw, M. (eds.) CHES 2014. LNCS, vol. 8731, pp. 433–450. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44709-3_24

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Kranz, T., Leander, G., Stoffelen, K., Wiemer, F.: Shorter linear straight-line programs for MDS matrices. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2017(4), 188–211 (2017). https://doi.org/10.13154/tosc.v2017.i4.188-211. https://tosc.iacr.org/index.php/ToSC/article/view/813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. LaMacchia, B.A., Odlyzko, A.M.: Solving large sparse linear systems over finite fields. In: Menezes, A.J., Vanstone, S.A. (eds.) CRYPTO 1990. LNCS, vol. 537, pp. 109–133. Springer, Heidelberg (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-38424-3_8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Li, Y., Wang, M.: On the construction of lightweight circulant involutory MDS matrices. In: Peyrin, T. (ed.) FSE 2016. LNCS, vol. 9783, pp. 121–139. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu, M., Sim, S.M.: Lightweight MDS generalized circulant matrices. In: Peyrin, T. (ed.) FSE 2016. LNCS, vol. 9783, pp. 101–120. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Saarinen, M.-J.O.: Cryptographic analysis of all 4 \(\times \) 4-bit S-boxes. In: Miri, A., Vaudenay, S. (eds.) SAC 2011. LNCS, vol. 7118, pp. 118–133. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28496-0_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Sajadieh, M., Mousavi, M.: Construction of lightweight MDS matrices from generalized feistel structures. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2018, 1072 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sarkar, S., Sim, S.M.: A deeper understanding of the XOR count distribution in the context of lightweight cryptography. In: Pointcheval, D., Nitaj, A., Rachidi, T. (eds.) AFRICACRYPT 2016. LNCS, vol. 9646, pp. 167–182. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31517-1_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Sim, S.M., Khoo, K., Oggier, F., Peyrin, T.: Lightweight MDS involution matrices. In: Leander, G. (ed.) FSE 2015. LNCS, vol. 9054, pp. 471–493. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48116-5_23

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Swan, R.G.: Factorization of polynomials over finite fields. Pacific J. Math. 12(3), 1099–1106 (1962)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhao, R., Wu, B., Zhang, R., Zhang, Q.: Designing optimal implementations of linear layers (full version). Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016/1118 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank the anonymous referees for their comments that improved especially the introduction considerably and helped to set this work into context with existing literature.

I also thank Gohar Kyureghyan for many discussions and help with structuring this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lukas Kölsch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 International Association for Cryptologic Research

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Kölsch, L. (2019). XOR-Counts and Lightweight Multiplication with Fixed Elements in Binary Finite Fields. In: Ishai, Y., Rijmen, V. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2019. EUROCRYPT 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11476. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17653-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17653-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17652-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-17653-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics