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Liability for Antitrust Law Infringements & Protection of IP Rights in Distribution

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Abstract

Several laws form the Spanish legal framework of intellectual property protection. Thus, the Spanish legal framework of IP rights protection is totally scattered, and there is no special law as it were a ‘one size fits all’. Likewise, it should be borne in mind that the Spanish legal framework is also influenced and affected by the international and European laws of IP rights protection (taking into account the primacy of the European Union Law).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Article 96.1 of the Spanish Constitution and Article 21.1 of the Spanish Organic Law 6/1985 of 1 July, on the Judiciary (as amended in 2015).

  2. 2.

    Spanish Act 24/2015, 24 July 2015, on Patents (including in its substantive scope protection of the Utility Models).

  3. 3.

    Spanish Act 20/2003, 7 July 2003, on Legal Protection of Industrial Designs.

  4. 4.

    Spanish Act 16/2015, 12 May 2015, on protected Designations of Origin and Geographical Indications of Supra-Autonomic Territory.

  5. 5.

    Such as the protection of Topographies of Semiconductor Products and Plant Varieties.

  6. 6.

    Royal Decree-Law 2/2018 of 13 April 2018, on Amendments to the Consolidated Text of the Law on Intellectual Property, approved by Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996 of 12 April 1996 and incorporating (implementing) into Spanish Law Directive 2014/26 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014, and Directive 2017/1564 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2017; available in English at http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=17906. Accessed 24 October 2018. Further details on Spanish Legal Framework of Intellectual Property laws are available at http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=ES. Accessed 24 October 2018.

  7. 7.

    So far, in Spain, Trade Secrets protection as a sui generis IP Right, is protected under Spanish Unfair Competition Act (hereinafter, SUCA) until the enactment of the Special Act on Trade Secrets Protection (see below); Act 3/1991 of 10 January 1991, on Unfair Competition, Official State Gazette, 1991 (10).

  8. 8.

    I. Antón Suarez, The Ten Commandaments of Parallel Trade. Los Diez Mandamientos del Comercio Paralelo, Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 2016 (8), pp. 55–76, available at https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/CDT/article/view/3253/1919. Accessed 23 October 2018; id. La Distribución y el Comercio Paralelo en la Unión Europea, 1st. ed, La Ley 2015; Judgment of the Commercial Court of Barcelona 84/2018, of 9 April 2018, case Schweppes S.A. vs. RED PARALELA S.L. & CARBONIQUES MONTANER S.L. (it is available only in Spanish at http://redparalela.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/SENTENCIA-SCHWEPPES-vs-RED-PARALELA-.pdf. Accessed 22 October 2018. This judgment led in an interesting preliminary question before the European Court of Justice concerning the exclusive right of trademarks in distribution: CJEU, case C-291/16, Scheppes v Red Paralela SL and Red Paralela BCN SL, ECLI: EU:C:2017:99.

  9. 9.

    Spanish Act 17/2001, of December 7, on Trademarks (Consolidated text including the Amendments made by the Spanish Act 20/203 of July 7, on Legal Protection of Industrial Designs), Official State Gazzete, 2001 (294), amended in 2011 by Law 2/2011, of March 4, available in English here: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/text.jsp?file_id=126736. Accessed 24 October 2018. Royal Decree 867/2002, of July 12 2002, approving the implementing regulation on Trademarks Law.

  10. 10.

    This list is not exhaustive. Spanish lawmaker stroke down the exhaustive list when STA was amended in 2001, see M. Broseta Pont and F. Martínez Sanz, Manual de Derecho Mercantil, 24th ed., Tecnos 2017, at p. 266.

  11. 11.

    Directive 2008/95 on Trademarks Directive implemented by STA above mentioned); Directive 2015/2436 on the harmonising trademarks law in the EU (not implemented yet, its entry into force is expected 14 January 2019); Regulation 207/2009 on the Community Trade Mark (Community Trade Mark Regulation) and its amendment by Regulation 2015/2424 on the Community Trademark and fees payable to the Office for the Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs); see, A. García Vidal, La reforma del Derecho de marcas (I): principales novedades introducidas por la Directiva 2015/2436, Análisis Gómez Acebo & Pombo 2016, pp. 1–8.

  12. 12.

    Inter alia, I.M. Davies, European Trade Mark Litigation Handbook, Sweet & Maxwell 1997, at p. 499; C. Fernández-Novoa, Tratado sobre Derecho de marcas, 2nd ed., Marcial Pons 2004; H. Baylós Corroza, Tratado de Derecho industrial, 3rd ed., Marcial Pons 2009.

  13. 13.

    Webpage of the SPTO is available in English: https://www.oepm.es/en/index.html. Accessed 20 October 2018.

  14. 14.

    Including in itself, the expiration and treatment of the trademarks that is different of cancellation for non-use.

  15. 15.

    A. Cerviño Casado, Derecho de marcas y protección de los consumidores: el tratamiento del error del consumidor, Tecnos 2000; nevertheless, sometimes both interests (of the consumers and of the right holders as competitors in the market) can collide and prevail over each other, depending on the case. Eventually, Spanish case law has varied according the interests at stake, up to a point, of creating unbalances between the aims of the laws and the interests protected by each law (as it is considered by Spanish Trademark and Consumers Protection laws).

  16. 16.

    There is relevant seminal case law regarding this aspect of the Spanish Courts. See for instance, Judgment of the Spanish Supreme Court, Civil Division, 504/2017, of 15 September 2017, case “Museo del Turrón”.

  17. 17.

    See next Sect. 23.2.2.

  18. 18.

    M. D. Colmenero García, El agotamiento del Derecho de marca. Problemática en torno al ámbito territorial del mismo: ¿Agotamiento comunitario? o ¿agotamiento internacional?, available at: http://www.fundacionmarianoruizfunes.com/ver_articulo.php?articulo=126. Accessed 22 October 2018. I. Antón Suarez, The Ten Commandaments of Parallel Trade. Los Diez Mandamientos del Comercio Paralelo, Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 2016 (8), pp. 55–76, available at https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/CDT/article/view/3253/1919, at p. 62; F. Carbajo Cascón, La marca en los sistemas de distribución selectiva (el problema de las ventas paralelas), In E. Galán Corona and F. Carbajo Cascón, Derecho de marca y distrubución comercial (cords.), 1st ed., Universidad de Salamanca 2011, at pp. 153–213; C. Górriz López, Distribución Selectiva y Comercio Paralelo, Thomson Civitas 2007; A. García Vidal, El alcance territorial del agotamiento del derecho de marca en la reciente jurisprudencia del TJCE, Actas de Derecho Industrial 1999 (XX), pp. 567–592.

  19. 19.

    M. D. Colmenero García, El agotamiento del Derecho de marca. Problemática en torno al ámbito territorial del mismo: ¿Agotamiento comunitario? o ¿agotamiento internacional?, available at: http://www.fundacionmarianoruizfunes.com/ver_articulo.php?articulo=126. Accessed 22 October 2018, at p. 52.

  20. 20.

    A. Casado Ceviño, El Sistema Comunitario de Marcas: Norma, Jurisprudencia y Práctica, 1st. ed. E.D.Lex Nova 2000; C. Fernández Nóvoa, El Sistema Comunitario de Marcas, Montecorvo 1995; id. Manual de Propiedad Industrial, Marcial Pons 2009; A. Suñol Lucea, Agotamiento del derecho de marca y perjuicio a la reputación como motivo legítimo para impedir la reventa de productos que la portan: Comentario a la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 22 de abril de 2016, Almacén de Derecho 2016, available at https://almacendederecho.org/limites-la-doctrina-del-agotamiento/. Accessed 22 October 2018. Regarding the exhaustion of trademarks in contracts of renting and leasing agreements; see, Judgement of the Spanish Supreme Court n°618/1997, of 4 July. All these IP rights can be subject of these agreements as movable property, provided that these IP rights remain affected by the exploitation use under the terms given by the covenants of these contracts.

  21. 21.

    See for instance, Judgement of the Provincial Court of Madrid, n°172/2015 of 15 June, Civil Section; R. Ramírez Herrera, La distribución de la carga de la prueba en los procesos civiles sobre marca comunitaria en España. Notas conceptuales, available at http://www.uaipit.com/uploads/publicaciones/files/1301567645_La_Distribución_de_la_Carga_de_la_Prueba._Rodrigo_R._H.pdf. Accessed 23 October 2018.

  22. 22.

    International Comparative Law Guides, Spain Trademarks 2018, available at https://iclg.com/practice-areas/trade-marks-laws-and-regulations/spain. Accessed 22 October 2018.

  23. 23.

    Article 101 para 3 TFEU; In Spanish Competition Act (SCA) the Article 101 TFUE is established on Article 1 para 3; F. Carbajo Cascón, La marca en los sistemas de distribución selective (el problema de las ventas paralelas), In E. Galán Corona and F. Carbajo Cascón, Derecho de marca y distrubución comercial (cords.), 1st. ed., Universidad de Salamanca 2011 at p. 156.

  24. 24.

    ECJ case C-355/96, Silhoutte, ECLI:EU:C:1998:374. Further details of these Articles in English are available at: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/es/es080en.pdf. Accessed 22 October 2018.

  25. 25.

    See, I. Antón Suarez, The Ten Commandaments of Parallel Trade. Los Diez Mandamientos del Comercio Paralelo, Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 2016 (8), at p. 61; on patents, namely pharmaceutical products, C. Otero García Castrillón, Importaciones paralelas, reimportaciones y agotamiento internacional de los Derecho de la patente: con especial referencia a las patentes farmacéuticas, Revista de Derecho Mercantil 2001 (242), pp. 2009–2036. As the Author stresses out in her contribution, the fight against the parallel trade is made it, in the first place by means of the exhaustion of the rights (regional or international) and, in the second place, by means of commercial technics under the shelter of the Competition law in general (such as vertical restrictions established under the SCA or SUCA remedies); A. García Vidal, El comercio paralelo de medicamentos, Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 2013 (5), pp. 315–334.

  26. 26.

    Article 32 of the SUCA provides the remedies against these trademark infringements.

  27. 27.

    Spanish Act 17/2007 of July 3, on the Protection of Competition, available at: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11864. Accessed 23 October 2018.

  28. 28.

    With regards to the regulation of after sales service (servicio postventa), see Sect. 23.2.4.2.

  29. 29.

    Fair commercial practices must be understood as it is established under Article 10 bis PC in connection with what is also established under Article 1.2 PC.

  30. 30.

    See for instance, Judgement of the Spanish Supreme Court 1669/2016, Civil Section, of 22 April 2016 [ECLI: ES:TS:2016:1669], case L’Oreal Spain vs. otros; E. Galán Corona and F. Carbajo Cascón, Derecho de marca y distrubución comercial (cords.), 1st. ed., Universidad de Salamanca 2011.

  31. 31.

    Article 48 STA; P. Martín Aresti, La legitimación del distribuidor para el uso del signo distintivo del proveedor: sobre la existencia de una licencia de marca en los contratos de distribución comercial, In: E. Galán Corona and F. Carbajo Cascón (cords.), Derecho de marca y distrubución comercial, 1st. ed., Universidad de Salamanca 2011, pp. 17–39, p. 20.

  32. 32.

    See above, P. Martín Aresti, La legitimación del distribuidor para el uso del signo distintivo del proveedor: sobre la existencia de una licencia de marca en los contratos de distribución comercial. In: E. Galán Corona and F. Carbajo Cascón (cords.), Derecho de marca y distrubución comercial, 1ªed., Universidad de Salamanca 2011 at p. 21.

  33. 33.

    See above, P. Martín Aresti, La legitimación del distribuidor para el uso del signo distintivo del proveedor: sobre la existencia de una licencia de marca en los contratos de distribución comercial. In: E. Galán Corona and F. Carbajo Cascón (cords.), Derecho de marca y distrubución comercial, 1ªed., Universidad de Salamanca 2011, at p. 24; C. Fernández Fernández, Los motivos legítimos que impiden el agotamiento de las marcas Comares 2005; C. I. Cordero Álvarez, El agotamiento de los Derechos de propiedad intelectual de patentes y marcas en materia de salud pública a la luz de la OMC y la UE: especial referencia a la jurisprudencia del TJCE sobre el envasado, SABERES, Revista de Estudios jurídicos, económicos y sociales 2006, (4), available at: https://eprints.ucm.es/33352/1/SABDER06_005.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2018.

  34. 34.

    J. Vázquez Salleras, ¿Puede un distribuidor no autorizado vender on line los productos de mi marca?, Lawyerpress News Blog 2017, available at http://lawyerpress.com/2017/07/24/puede-un-distribuidor-no-autorizado-vender-on-line-los-productos-de-mi-marca/. Accessed 22 October 2018.

  35. 35.

    See Article 19 of SLIP (as amended by Directive 2001/29 and 2009/24); J.A. Castilla Padilla, El contrato de suministro de contenidos digitales y los contratos de desarrollo de software y creación web en el derecho de consumidores. De la propuesta CESL y la Directiva 2011/83/UE a la propuesta de la Directiva 634/2015, de 9 de diciembre, CESCO Derecho de Consumo (17) 2016, pp. 1–17; F. Carbajo Cascón, La propiedad intelectual en la sociedad de información, Centro internacional de tecnologías avanzadas. Fundación Germán Sánchez Ruipérez 2017, pp. 1–79, at p. 19, available at http://bibliotecadigital.jcyl.es/fr/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=10148280. Accessed 22 October 2018.

  36. 36.

    Under Article 96 paragraph 1 of the SIPA one can find a definition of what is considered as software in Spanish jurisdiction.

  37. 37.

    It was partly amended by Royal Decree Law 2/2018 of 13 April, to implement Directive 2014/26 and Directive 2017/1564, of 13 September; further details in Sect. 23.3 concerning the Spanish Legal Framework of Consumers protection and balance of interests.

  38. 38.

    Judgement of the Spanish Supreme Court n°361/2016, Civil Section, of 1 June 2016, case BSA, with special mention to the “doctrine Usedsoft for second hand software” of the CJEU in the case C-128/11, UsedSoft GmbH, ECLI: EU:C:2012:407; and in the case C-406/10, SAS, ECLI:EU:C:2012:259; B. Pensado Vázquez, Estudio sobre la Jurisprudencia española y Europea de programas de ordenador, Universidad International de la Rioja 2015, available at https://reunir.unir.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3533/PENSADO%20VAZQUEZ%2C%20BERNARDO.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 22 October 2018.

  39. 39.

    F. Carbajo Cascón, La propiedad intelectual en la sociedad de la información, Centro internacional de Tecnologías avanzada. Fundación German Sánchez Ruipérez 2017, available at: http://bibliotecadigital.jcyl.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=10148280, at p. 61.

  40. 40.

    E. Morón Lema, El modelo de incriminación de los delitos contra el secreto de empresa en el Código Penal de 1995, available at: https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/5066/eml4de5.pdf?sequence. Accessed 20 October 2018.

  41. 41.

    On the contrary, under Spanish Patent Law, there is an overtly rejection of considering software programs as patents or utility models Article 4 paragraph 4 (a) and c. Spanish new Trade Secrets Law which will be enacted soon, it has established specific rules on reverse engineering when the acquisition of the trade secret is lawful and fair. However, until the proposed bill on this specific law of trade secrets unless it won’t be totally passed by the Spanish parliament, protection against unlawful use of reverse engineering is provided by the laws above mentioned. Further details on this proposed bill of June 2018, it can be found only in Spain at http://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L12/CONG/BOCG/A/BOCG-12-A-23-1.PDF. Accessed 20 October 2018.

  42. 42.

    Article 197 paragraph 3 of the Spanish Criminal Code reads as follows: “Whoever, by any means or procedure and in breach of the security measures established to prevent it, obtains unauthorised access to computer data or programs within a computer system or part thereof, or who remains within it against the will of whoever has the lawful right to exclude him, shall be punished with a prison sentence of six months to two years. When, pursuant to the terms established in Article 31 bis, a legal person is responsible for the offences included in this Article, the punishment of a line from six months to two years shall be imposed thereon. Pursuant to the rules established in Article 66 bis, the Judges and Courts of Law may also impose the penalties established in Sub-Sections b to g of Section 7 of Article 33” (English Version is available at: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes.); M. J. Dolz Lago, El marco legal de los delitos contra la propiedad intelectual e industrial en el Derecho español, europeo e internacional, ADCPC 2010 (LXIII), pp. 166–226.

  43. 43.

    Article 270 paragraph 3 of the Spanish Criminal Code reads as follows: “Whoever manufactures, imports, puts in circulation or possesses any means specifically intended to facilitate unauthorised suppression or neutralisation of any technical device that has been used to protect computer programs or any of the other works, interpretation or performances under the terms foreseen in Section 1 of this Article shall also be punished with the same penalty”.

  44. 44.

    Act 34/2002, of 11 July, which complies with EU Directive on E-Commerce and Directive on Copyright and related rights in the information society, related to Law n°15/1999, of Protection of Data of Personal Nature.

  45. 45.

    See for instance, case Masaltos.com, Judgment of the Spanish Supreme Court n° 620/2016, Civil Section, of 26 February 2016, ECLI ES:TS:2016:620.

  46. 46.

    On the imbalance between the interests of IP Rights holders and Competition Law, R. Bahamonte Delgado, El Derecho de la competencia y los Derechos de propiedad intelectual en la Unión Europea y España, AFDUC 2012 (16), pp. 477–497, available at: https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/2183/12013/AD_16_2012_art_23.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 6 November 2018; F Carbajo Gascón and C. A. Uribe Piedrahita, Regulación “ex ante” o regulación “ex post”: la difícil regulación entre el Derecho de competencia y los derechos de propiedad intelectual, Actas de Derecho Industrial (ADI), 33, 2012–2013, pp. 307–330.

  47. 47.

    See Sect. 23.1.

  48. 48.

    F. Carbajo Gascón and C. A. Uribe Piedrahita, Regulación “ex ante” o regulación “ex post”: la difícil regulación entre el Derecho de competencia y los derechos de propiedad intelectual, Actas de Derecho Industrial (ADI), 33, 2012–2013, pp. 307–330.

  49. 49.

    See Sects. 23.3.2.1.1 and 23.3.2.1.2.

  50. 50.

    Article 51 Spanish Constitution reads as follows: 1. The public authorities shall guarantee the protection of consumers and users and shall, by means of effective measures, safeguard their safety, health and legitimate financial interests; 2. The public authorities shall make means available to inform and educate consumers and users, shall foster their organizations, and shall provide hearings for such organizations on all matters affecting their members, under the terms to be established by law; 3. Within the framework of the provisions of the foregoing clauses, the law shall regulate domestic trade and the system of licensing commercial products; M.J. Reyes López, Manual de Derecho Privado de Consumo, La Ley 2009; N. Álvarez Lata and J. Peña López, Reclamaciones de consumo. Derecho de consumo desde la perspectiva del Consumidor. In: J. M. Busto Lago (coord,), Aranzadi 2010.

  51. 51.

    Serves as a good example, the SUCA. Under the influence of the European Lawmaker was amended by the Directive of Unfair Commercial Practices 29/2005 in 2009. As it is well known, this Directive is part of the Fitness Check of European Consumer Law, and it was enacted only to protect B2C relationship or Consumers against unfair commercial practices in the internal market. Its consumer approach has had influence in the Spanish law against Unfair Competition like to the other European Consumer Protection systems.

  52. 52.

    In purchase, sales and services operations, see, J. Gutierrez, Consumer Protection in Spain, available in English at http://www.buigas.com/webroot/files/Publications/img/articulos_107_Consumer_Protection_in_Spain.pdf. Accessed 25 October 2018.

  53. 53.

    Articles 38 and 33 of the Spanish Constitution respectively; A. Cerviño Casado, Derecho de marcas y protección de los consumidores: el tratamiento del error del consumidor, Tecnos, Madrid, 2000; for instance, Judgment of the Spanish Constitutional Court, 88/2017, of 19 July 2017 [ECLI: ES: TC: 2017:88]; a state action against the Catalonian government concerning the right of consumers to be attended in Spanish and not only in Catalonian according to the Spanish Constitution.

  54. 54.

    It will depend on the specific Autonomous Community sectorial and administrative regulation (Statute of Autonomy) on consumers and users protection.

  55. 55.

    Texto Refundido de la Ley General para la Defensa de Consumidores y Usuarios y otras Leyes complementarias, aprobado por el Real Decreto 1/2007, de 16 de noviembre (as amended by Law 3/2014 of 27 March).

  56. 56.

    M.P. Moller Píquer, La prueba en el proceso de consumidores y usuarios español, Universidad Jaume I 2017, available at: https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/404729/2017_Tesis_Mollar%20Piquer_MPilar.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 6 November 2018.

  57. 57.

    Article 8 set out the rights of consumers and users, namely lit b and c; and Title IV, Chapter IV: Articles 125 to 127.

  58. 58.

    Both legal entities are encompassed in the Article 12 of Spanish Retail Trade Act.

  59. 59.

    Ley 7/1996, de 15 de enero, de Ordenación del comercio minorista, Official State Gazette (15), of 17 January 1996.

  60. 60.

    See Article 118 Spanish Law on Consumers and Users Protection: Under this Article, consumers can choose between the provider and the seller in order to demand them the repair of the product, replace the deceptive product, repair or replacement or terminate the contract.

  61. 61.

    Articles 124–127 Spanish Law on Consumers and Users Protection.

  62. 62.

    Real Decreto 106/2008, de 1 de febrero, sobre pilas y acumuladores y la gestión medioambiental de sus residuos, Official State Gazette (37) of 12 February 2018.

  63. 63.

    Article 119 Spanish Law on Consumers and Users Protection.

  64. 64.

    P. Corbacho Ramírez, Responsabilidad civil por daños personales causados en accidentes acaecidos en establecimientos abiertos al público, Revista de Responsabilidad civil y seguro 2012, pp. 9–22, in this sense, the law increases the substantive scope of protection; M.A.Parra Lucán, La Protección al Consumidor frente a los daños. Responsabilidad del fabricante y el prestador de servicios, Reus S.A 2010.

  65. 65.

    Cf. A. Payà Pujadò, C. Ara Triadú and D. Casanueva de la Cruz, Spain. Consumer Protection, Cuatrecasa-Gonçalves Pereira, available at https://www.cuatrecasas.com//media_repository/docs/esp/spain._international_consumer_protection_920.pdf. Accessed 2 November 2018.

  66. 66.

    Article 138 is related to Article 5 and Article 13 of the same body of law concerning the definition of producer that Spanish lawmaker has drafted, in order to understand what is understood under Spanish Legal Framework who are the producers; Royal Decree 1801/2003 also establishes a differentiation between the legal duties of manufacturers and distributors.

  67. 67.

    Producers and services providers can be exonerated according to Article 140 if the product had not yet been marketed; the product was not unsafe upon the marketing of the product; when it was not manufactured for the sale or any kind of distribution for economic purposes, manufactured, imported, supplied or delivered within a commercial network; deceptive product was performed under mandatory rules on manufacturing; and, when delivering the product, neither scientific nor technical knowledge could appreciate the defects; A. Payà Pujadò, C. Ara Triadú and D. Casanueva de la Cruz, Spain. Consumer Protection, Cuatrecasa-Gonçalves Pereira, available at: https://www.cuatrecasas.com//media_repository/docs/esp/spain._international_consumer_protection_920.pdf. Accessed 2 November 2018.

  68. 68.

    Further details: M.S. Bermúdez Ballesteros, Consecuencias del incumplimiento de la obligación de suministrar piezas de repuesto dentro y fuera del período de garantía legal de los productos, Cesco 2014, available at http://blog.uclm.es/cesco/files/2014/03/Consecuencias-del-incumplimiento-de-la-obligación-de-suministrar-piezas-de-repuesto.pdf. Accessed 3 November 2018.

  69. 69.

    P. Behrens, The ordoliberal concept of “abuse” of a dominant position and its impact on Article 102 TFEU, ASCOLA 2015, available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2658045. Accessed 3 November 2018.

  70. 70.

    Inter alia, O. Andriychuk, Can We Protect Competition Without Protect Protecting Consumers?. The Competition Law Review 2009 (1), pp. 77–87, at p. 87, as the author considers, one aspect is economic efficiency and the other aspect is consumer welfare; P. Akman, Consumer Welfare and Article 82 EC: Practice and Retoric, World Competition Law Review 2009 (32), pp. 71–90; A. D. Chirita, Undistorted, (Un) Fair Competition, Consumer Welfare and the Interpretation of the Article 102 TFEU, World Competition Law and Economic Review 2010 (33), pp. 417–436.

  71. 71.

    F. Carbajo Gascón and C. A. Uribe Piedrahita, Regulación “ex ante” o regulación “ex post”: la difícil regulación entre el Derecho de competencia y los derechos de propiedad intelectual, Actas de Derecho Industrial 2012–2013 (33), pp. 307–330.

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  1. University of Murcia, Madrid, Spain

    Anna María Ruiz Martín

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  1. Këllezi Legal, Geneva, Switzerland

    Pranvera Këllezi

  2. Addleshaw Goddard LLP, London, UK

    Bruce Kilpatrick

  3. Kobel Avocat Attorney-at-law, Geneva, Switzerland

    Pierre Kobel

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Ruiz Martín, A.M. (2019). Spain. In: Këllezi, P., Kilpatrick, B., Kobel, P. (eds) Liability for Antitrust Law Infringements & Protection of IP Rights in Distribution. LIDC Contributions on Antitrust Law, Intellectual Property and Unfair Competition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17550-4_23

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17550-4_23

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