Skip to main content

Attenuated Psychosis Syndromes Among Australian Youth and Young Adults: Early Identification and Intervention

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome Across Cultures

Abstract

Australia, particularly the Melbourne group, has been a pioneer in developing and implementing the early intervention for psychosis model, with an initial focus on first episode psychosis that quickly expanded to include the high-risk or “prodromal” period. In this chapter, we summarize and review this history and outline future directions for early psychosis services in the local and international context. Early interventions for psychosis services have been rolled out nationally across Australia but require strengthening and expansion in scope and reach. Over the last 10 years, the early intervention for psychosis approach has been broadened to include youth mental health more broadly, and new specially designed clinical service structures have been developed and established in the form of the “headspace” platform. A transdiagnostic, pluripotent risk state has been identified through our work in psychosis risk, conceptually supported by the clinical staging model. This has led to the development of broader “at risk” criteria, which are currently being validated in a prospective follow-up study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Addington, J., Cornblatt, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., … Heinssen, R. (2011). At clinical high risk for psychosis: Outcome for nonconverters. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(8), 800–805. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081191

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amminger, G. P., Schafer, M. R., Papageorgiou, K., Klier, C. M., Cotton, S. M., Harrigan, S. M., … Berger, G. E. (2010). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amminger, G. P., Schafer, M. R., Schlogelhofer, M., Klier, C. M., & McGorry, P. D. (2015). Longer-term outcome in the prevention of psychotic disorders by the Vienna omega-3 study. Nature Communications, 6, 7934. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8934

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). National survey of mental health and wellbeing. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, E. B., Ranmuthugala, G., Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, S., Toombs, M. R., Nicholson, G. C., & Kisely, S. (2015). A systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia’s indigenous populations. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(5), 412–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415569802

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, W. T. (2014). Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome: Need for debate on a new disorder. Psychopathology, 47(5), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365221

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, W. T., Regier, D., & Tandon, R. (2014). Misunderstandings about Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome in the DSM-5. Schizophrenia Research, 152(1), 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, V., Halpin, S., Lau, N., O’Brien, S., Beckmann, J., & Lewin, T. (2000). A risk factor screening and assessment protocol for schizophrenia and related psychosis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(Suppl), S170–S180. Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catts, S., O’Toole, B., Neil, A., Harris, M., Frost, A., Eadie, K., … Shorey, T. (2013). Best practice in early psychosis intervention for Australian indigenous communities: Indigenous worker consultation and service model description. Australas Psychiatry, 21(3), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856213480532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Multicultural Youth. (2014). The mental health and wellbeing of young people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanen, A. M., McCutcheon, L. K., Germano, D., Nistico, H., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2009). The HYPE clinic: An early intervention service for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 15(3), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000351876.51098.f0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers, P. (2003). Examining the effects of prevention programs on the incidence of new cases of mental disorders: The lack of statistical power. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1385–1391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demarchi, C., Bohanna, I., Baune, B. T., & Clough, A. R. (2012). Detecting psychotic symptoms in indigenous populations: A review of available assessment tools. Schizophrenia Research, 139(1–3), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudgeon, P., Milroy, H., & Walker, R. (2014). Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economics, A. (2008). Cost effectiveness of early intervention for psychosis. Retrieved from Melbourne. Access Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J., & McGorry, P. D. (2002). Implementing early intervention in psychosis: A guide to establishing early psychosis services. London: Dunitz.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Bechdolf, A., Addington, J., Riecher-Rossler, A., Schultze-Lutter, F., … Yung, A. (2013). The psychosis high-risk state: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.269

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli, P., Carpenter, W. T., Woods, S. W., & McGlashan, T. H. (2014). Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome: Ready for DSM-5.1? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153645

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli, P., Rocchetti, M., Sardella, A., Avila, A., Brandizzi, M., Caverzasi, E., … McGuire, P. (2015). Disorder, not just state of risk: Meta-analysis of functioning and quality of life in people at high risk of psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.157115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galletly, C., Castle, D., Dark, F., Humberstone, V., Jablensky, A., Killackey, E., … Tran, N. (2016). Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(5), 410–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867416641195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Government, V. (2008). Because mental health matters: A new focus for mental health and wellbeing in Victoria. Melbourne, Australia: Victorian Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Häfner, H., Maurer, K., Loffler, W., an der Heiden, W., Hambrecht, M., & Schultze-Lutter, F. (2003). Modeling the early course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(2), 325–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner, H., Maurer, K., Loffler, W., & Riecher-Rossler, A. (1993). The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162(80), 80–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haswell-Elkins, M., Sebasio, T., Hunter, E., & Mar, M. (2007). Challenges of measuring the mental health of indigenous Australians: Honouring ethical expectations and driving greater accuracy. Australasian Psychiatry, 15(Suppl 1), S29–S33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10398560701701155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heffernan, E. B., Andersen, K. C., Dev, A., & Kinner, S. (2012). Prevalence of mental illness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Queensland prisons. Medical Journal of Australia, 197(1), 37–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickie, I. B., Scott, E. M., Hermens, D. F., Naismith, S. L., Guastella, A. J., Kaur, M., … McGorry, P. D. (2013). Applying clinical staging to young people who present for mental health care. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00366.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodes, M. B. (2002). Implications for psychiatric services of chronic civilian strife: young refugees in the UK. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8, 366–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, G., Gross, G., & Schuttler, R. (1979). Schizophrenie. Verlaufs- und sozialpsychiatrische Langzeituntersuchungen an den 1945–1959 in Bonn hospitalisierten schizophrenen Kranken. Bonn, Germany: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, E. (2007). Disadvantage and discontent: A review of issues relevant to the mental health of rural and remote indigenous Australians. The Australian Journal of Rural Health, 15(2), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00869.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, E. (2014). Mental health in indigenous settings. Challenges for clinicians. Australian Family Physician, 43(1), 26–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, E. M., Gynther, B. D., Anderson, C. J., Onnis, L. A., Nelson, J. R., Hall, W., … Groves, A. R. (2012). Psychosis in Indigenous populations of Cape York and the Torres Strait. The Medical Journal of Australia, 196, 133–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, P., & Taylor, P. J. (2013). Cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000354

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R., & Fenton, W. S. (2005). Psychiatric epidemiology: It’s not just about counting anymore. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 590–592. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.590

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ising, H. K., Veling, W., Loewy, R. L., Rietveld, M. W., Rietdijk, J., Dragt, S., … van der Gaag, M. (2012). The validity of the 16-item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) to screen for ultra high risk of developing psychosis in the general help-seeking population. Schizophrenia Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs068

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johns, L. C., Cannon, M., Singleton, N., Murray, R. M., Farrell, M., Brugha, T., … Meltzer, H. (2004). Prevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms in the British population. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 185, 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.4.298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, F., Jackson, H., Komiti, A., et al. (2007). Service utilisation by rural residents with mental health problems. Australas Psychiatry, 15(3), 185–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Bemler, O., Jn, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killackey, E., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2008). Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis: Individual placement and support v. treatment as usual. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(2), 114–120. doi:193/2/114 [pii].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killackey, E., & Yung, A. R. (2007). Effectiveness of early intervention in psychosis. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(2), 121–125. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328017f67d. [doi] 00001504-200703000-00005 [pii].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killackey, E., Yung, A. R., & McGorry, P. D. (2007). Early psychosis: Where we’ve been, where we still have to go. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 16(2), 102–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, A., Wood, S. J., Nelson, B., Beavan, A., McGorry, P., & Yung, A. R. (2015). Outcomes of nontransitioned cases in a sample at ultra-high risk for psychosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13030418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., Drake, R., Jones, P., & Croudace, T. (2005). Association between duration of untreated psychosis and in cohorts of first-episode outcome patients – a systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(9), 975–983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, O., Startup, M., Halpin, S., Schall, U., Conrad, A., & Carr, V. (2004). Risk factors for transition to first episode psychosis among individuals with ‘at-risk mental states’. Schizophrenia Research, 71(2–3), 227–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. (2013). Early clinical phenotypes and risk for serious mental disorders in young people: Need for care precedes traditional diagnoses in mood and psychotic disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(1), 19–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P., Bates, T., & Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: Examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30–s35. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D. (2007). Issues for DSM-V: Clinical staging: A heuristic pathway to valid nosology and safer, more effective treatment in psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 859–860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Edwards, J., Mihalopoulos, C., Harrigan, S., & Jackson, H. (1996). EPPIC – an evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 305–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Goldstone, S. D., Parker, A. G., Rickwood, D. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2014). Cultures for mental health care of young people: An Australian blueprint for reform. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00082-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Hickie, I. B., Yung, A. R., Pantelis, C., & Jackson, H. J. (2006). Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: A heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(8). Aug 2006), 616–622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Amminger, G. P., Bechdolf, A., Francey, S. M., Berger, G., … Yung, A. R. (2009). Intervention in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: A review and future directions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(9), 1206–1212. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08r04472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Phillips, L. J., Yuen, H. P., Francey, S. M., Thampi, A., … Yung, A. R. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of interventions for young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis: Twelve-month outcome. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(4), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m07785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Markulev, C., et al. (2017) Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in young people at ultrahigh risk for psychotic disorders: The NEURAPRO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 19–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Phillips, L. J., & Yung, A. R. (2001). Recognition and treatment of the pre-psychotic phase of psychotic disorders: Frontier or fantasy? In T. Miller, S. A. Mednick, T. H. McGlashan, J. Libiger, & J. Johanssen (Eds.), Early intervention in psychiatric disorders (pp. 101–122). Amsterdam: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Purcell, R., Hickie, I. B., Yung, A. R., Pantelis, C., & Jackson, H. J. (2007). Clinical staging: A heuristic model for psychiatry and youth mental health. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), S40–S42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., & Singh, B. S. (1995). Schizophrenia: Risk and possibility. In B. Raphael & G. D. Burrows (Eds.), Handbook of preventive psychiatry (pp. 492–514). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Tanti, C., Stokes, R., Hickie, I. B., Carnell, K., Littlefield, L. K., & Moran, J. (2007). Headspace: Australia’s National Youth Mental Health Foundation – where young minds come first. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), S68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Yung, A., & Phillips, L. (2001). Ethics and early intervention in psychosis: Keeping up the pace and staying in step. Schizophrenia Research, 51, 17–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., & Phillips, L. J. (2003). The “close-in” or ultra high-risk model: A safe and effective strategy for research and clinical intervention in prepsychotic mental disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(4), 771–790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., Yuen, H. P., Francey, S., Cosgrave, E. M., … Jackson, H. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(10), 921–928.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mihalopoulos, C., McGorry, P. D., & Carter, R. C. (1999). Is phase-specific, community oriented treatment of early psychosis an economically viable method of improving outcome? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 47–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mihalopoulos, C., Vos, T., Pirkis, J., Smit, F., & Carter, R. (2011). Do indicated preventive interventions for depression represent good value for money? The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.501024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Mental Health Commission. (2014). The National Review of Mental Health Programmes and Services. Sydney: National Mental Health Commission; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, B. (2014). Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome: Don’t jump the gun. Psychopathology, 47(5), 292–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, B., Hughes, A., Leicester, S., Stratford, J., Polari, A., Hughes, F., & Yung, A. R. (2014). A stitch in time: Interventions for young people at ultra high risk of psychosis. Parkville, Australia: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, B., & Yung, A. R. (2008). Treatment of the schizophrenia prodrome. In K. T. Mueser & D. V. Jeste (Eds.), The clinical handbook of schizophrenia (pp. 698–715). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, K. A., & Rosenbaum, B. (2006). Prospective investigations of the prodromal state of schizophrenia: Assessment instruments. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(4), 273–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, D. O., Gu, H., Boteva, K., & Lieberman, J. A. (2005). Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: A critical review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(10), 1785–1804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L., Yung, A. R., Hearn, N., McFarlane, C., Hallgren, M., & McGorry, P. D. (1999). Preventative mental health care: Accessing the target population. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(6), 912–917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L. J., Cotton, S., Mihalopoulos, C., Shih, S., Yung, A. R., Carter, R., & McGorry, P. D. (2009). Cost implications of specific and non-specific treatment for young persons at ultra high risk of developing a first episode of psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 3(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00106.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L. J., Nelson, B., Yuen, H. P., Francey, S. M., Simmons, M., Stanford, C., … McGorry, P. D. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of interventions for young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis: Study design and baseline characteristics. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(9), 818–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670903107625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preti, A., & Cella, M. (2010). Randomized-controlled trials in people at ultra high risk of psychosis: A review of treatment effectiveness. Schizophrenia Research, 123(1), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, R., Jorm, A. F., Hickie, I. B., Yung, A. R., Pantelis, C., Amminger, G. P., … McGorry, P. D. (2015). Demographic and clinical characteristics of young people seeking help at youth mental health services: Baseline findings of the Transitions Study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 9(6), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S., Pariyasami, S., Tay, S. A., Lim, L. K., Yuen, S., Poon, L. Y., … Verma, S. (2013). Support for Wellness Achievement Programme (SWAP): A service for individuals with at-risk mental state in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 42(10), 552–555.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickwood, D. J., Deane, F. P., & Wilson, C. J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? The Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7 Suppl), S35–S39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Mazzer, K. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2015). The services provided to young people through the headspace centres across Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 202(10), 533–536.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2014). Headspace – Australia’s innovation in youth mental health: Who are the clients and why are they presenting? The Medical Journal of Australia, 200(2), 108–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmelmann, B. G., Huber, C. G., Lambert, M., Cotton, S., McGorry, P. D., & Conus, P. (2008). Impact of duration of untreated psychosis on pre-treatment, baseline, and outcome characteristics in an epidemiological first-episode psychosis cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(12), 982–990. S0022-3956(07)00209-9 [pii]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.12.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, E. M., Hermens, D. F., Glozier, N., Naismith, S. L., Guastella, A. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2012). Targeted primary care-based mental health services for young Australians. The Medical Journal of Australia, 196, 136–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strakowski, S. M., Keck, P. E., McElroy, S. L., Lonczak, H. S., & West, S. A. (1995). Chronology of comorbid and principal syndromes in first-episode psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36(2), 106–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stolk, Y., Minas, H., & Klimidis, S. (2008). Access to mental health services in Victoria: A focus on ethnic communities. Melbourne: Victorian Transcultural Psychiatry Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tien, A. Y. (1991). Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26(6), 287–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Gaag, M., Smit, F., Bechdolf, A., French, P., Linszen, D. H., Yung, A. R., … Cuijpers, P. (2013). Preventing a first episode of psychosis: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled prevention trials of 12 month and longer-term follow-ups. Schizophrenia Research, 149(1–3), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Vollebergh, W. (2001). Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms: An urban-rural comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(7), 663–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdoux, H., & van Os, J. (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 54, 59–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, S., Poon, L. Y., Lee, H., Rao, S., & Chong, S. A. (2012). Evolution of early psychosis intervention services in Singapore. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry, 22(3), 114–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiltink, S., Velthorst, E., Nelson, B., McGorry, P. M., & Yung, A. R. (2015). Declining transition rates to psychosis: The contribution of potential changes in referral pathways to an ultra-high-risk service. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 9(3), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. W., Walsh, B. C., Saksa, J. R., & McGlashan, T. H. (2010). The case for including attentuated psychotic symptoms syndrome in DSM-5 as a psychosis risk syndrome. Schizophrenia Research, 123(2–3), 199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R. (2003). The schizophrenia prodrome: A high-risk concept. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(4), 859–865.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., Buckby, J. A., Cotton, S. M., Cosgrave, E. M., Killackey, E. J., Stanford, C., … McGorry, P. D. (2006). Psychotic-like experiences in nonpsychotic help-seekers: Associations with distress, depression, and disability. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(2), 352–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., & McGorry, P. D. (1996). The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: Past and current conceptualizations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(2), 353–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., McFarlane, C. A., Jackson, H. J., Patton, G. C., & Rakkar, A. (1996). Monitoring and care of young people at incipient risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(2), 283–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., McFarlane, C. A., & Patton, G. (1995). The PACE clinic: Development of a clinical service for young people at high risk of psychosis. Australasian Psychiatry, 3(5), 345–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2004). Treating schizophrenia in the prodromal phase. London: Taylor & Francis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., McGorry, P. D., McFarlane, C. A., Francey, S., Harrigan, S., … Jackson, H. J. (1998). The prediction of psychosis: A step towards indicated prevention of schizophrenia? British Journal of Psychiatry, 172(Suppl 33), 14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., Yuen, H. P., Francey, S. M., McFarlane, C. A., Hallgren, M., & McGorry, P. D. (2003). Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (“prodromal”) group. Schizophrenia Research, 60(1), 21–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., Yuen, H. P., & McGorry, P. D. (2004). Risk factors for psychosis in an ultra high-risk group: Psychopathology and clinical features. Schizophrenia Research, 67(2–3), 131–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barnaby Nelson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nelson, B., McGorry, P.D. (2019). Attenuated Psychosis Syndromes Among Australian Youth and Young Adults: Early Identification and Intervention. In: Li, H., Shapiro, D.I., Seidman, L.J. (eds) Handbook of Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome Across Cultures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17336-4_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics