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Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae)

(Syns.: Emblica officinalis Gart.; E. arborea Raf.)

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Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants

Abstract

The fruits are used medicinally in both fresh and dried forms, and also preserved in syrup, in India. Ibn al-Baitar, referring to Avicenna, described it as one of the most astringent drugs and thus a very useful cardiotonic, and to improve memory. It is especially useful in diseases caused by black bile, quenches thirst, is aphrodisiac, and antiemetic. In its fresh form, Hindu physicians consider it refrigerant, diuretic and laxative; and the dried one as cooling, stomachic and astringent. Muslim practitioners of Unani medicine also regard it as astringent, refrigerant, cardiacal, and a purifier of body humours. It strengthens vital organs, stomach, and eyes, and is especially useful to improve memory, eyesight, relieves palpitation, and heart weakness. It is also used to treat stomach ‘weakness’ and diarrhea, and its use, both topically and systemically, helps strengthen hairs and to maintain their shine and color. In Ayurveda, it is one of the rasayana plants with adaptogenic property, and is used as a powerful rejuvenator. Fresh fruit pulp and the pericarp of dried mature fruits are used in raktapitta, amlapittaprameha, and dãha. It is one of the major constituent plants of polyherbal memory and vitality-enhancing medicines marketed in India. Seventeen countries in the world are reported to use various parts of P. emblica in their medical treatment for hepatitis, cancer, tumors, regulation of stomach function, as a traditional immunomodulator and a natural adaptogen. Aqueous fruit extracts show the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols. Gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, quercetin, chebulagic acid, corilagin, ellagitannins, phenolic constituents, bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, bisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycoside, phyllaemblic acid and glochicoccin D have been isolated from the fruits. Aqueous extract significantly attenuated behavioral, biochemical and molecular alterations, and in combination with insulin also reversed neuropathic pain in diabetic rats; and significantly inhibited rat lens and recombinant human aldose reductase, and tannoids fraction was 100 times more potent than the aqueous extract, comparable to or better than quercetin. Aqueous fruit extract also produced antidepressant-like effect in mice; whereas the hydroalcohol extract showed memory enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-AChE activity in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice.

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    Shahid Akbar

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Akbar, S. (2020). Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae). In: Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16807-0_144

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