Abstract
Aquatic bacteria dwell in an unexpectedly heterogeneous world defined by multiple specific microhabitats of differing complexity, size, and temporal-spatial dynamics. The diversity in microhabitats is proposed as a potential explanation for the “plankton paradox” wherein high levels of species and functional richness are maintained under limited resources. Microhabitats can be classified into broad groups including the diffusion-controlled water phase (DifP), colloidal phase (nano- and micro-gels; ColP), particles (exudates, carcasses, and aggregates; Par), and the living biosphere (algae, zooplankton, and fish; Bio). For each microhabitat, this chapter examined the various physiochemical properties and principal dynamics that define these environments and then linked these with major lifestyle strategies adopted by the bacteria inhabiting these systems. Within this context emphasis was placed on the revision of the concept of free-living bacteria.
Expectedly it was found that each microhabitat, in fact, selects for distinct functional guilds. The DifP-associated community is regulated by the dynamics of dissolved organic matter quality and quantity (e.g., enzymatic dissolution of polymeric materials). The communities associated with the ColP component were driven by the rapid ephemeral nature of gel structures assembled from physical polymer interactions. The Par microhabitats sustain dense bacterial communities with remarkable metabolic activity that can result in the complete or partial dissolution of the particle. Interestingly, Par-associated bacteria are in a state of constant attachment and detachment in response to physiochemical evolution of the micro-niches. Moreover, Bio-associated epi- and endobionts present additional levels of complexity due to the influence of the host-bacteria interfaces, which experience continued change in response to environmental and biological stressors. Understanding these interactions at local scale is critical for the comprehension of the impact of anthropogenic activities on microhabitat complexity and is necessary for enabling us to understand how microhabitat features scale up to major aquatic biomes.
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This study was funded by HFSP (grant number RGB 0020/2016).
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Luca Zoccarato declares that he has no conflict of interest. Peter Grossart declares that he has no conflict of interest.
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Zoccarato, L., Grossart, H.P. (2019). Relationship Between Lifestyle and Structure of Bacterial Communities and Their Functionality in Aquatic Systems. In: Hurst, C. (eds) The Structure and Function of Aquatic Microbial Communities. Advances in Environmental Microbiology, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16775-2_2
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