Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vulnerability, Resilience and Exposure: Methodological Aspects

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Spatial and Economic Modeling of Disaster Impacts

Part of the book series: Advances in Spatial Science ((ADVSPATIAL))

Abstract

The economic recession which followed the 2008 financial crisis has raised important issues on differences in the impact, especially from a spatial perspective, of the socio-economic shocks—at both the regional and the community level, especially in the European Union Member States. These differences may be due to the different levels of vulnerability, resilience and exposure, and may arise because of dissimilarities in the intrinsic characteristics of regions or communities (e.g. the pre-crisis economic characteristics of regions, ageing, household income, and so on). While, in the scientific literature, a great deal of attention has been paid to the concept of resilience (e.g. the capacity to bounce back or to resist a given shock) and vulnerability (e.g. the inherent characteristics that create the potential for harm), less attention has been paid to the full set of measures of socio-economic exposure (e.g. the things affected by a shock), as well as to both the relationship between vulnerability, resilience and exposure and the losses which ensue as a result of different external shocks and exposure.

The objective of this chapter is the exploration of the above-mentioned links, since a closer analysis of these complex interrelations might produce different outcomes. This study aims to review systematically the existing literature on vulnerability, resilience and exposure, in order to understand the connections between these concepts, with reference not only to economic shocks but also to other catastrophic events, such as natural disasters, man-made disasters, and so on.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    Context includes features such as scale, as for example the micro (individual business), meso (sector or market) or macro (entire economy or system) levels.

  2. 2.

    Inherent resilience pertains to resilience that is already ingrained in the system, while adaptive resilience pertains to improvisations in reaction to the shock. Rose (2007, 2017) emphasizes that resilience is actually a process, whereby resilience capacity can be enhanced prior to the shock (e.g., stockpiling critical materials, purchasing backup electricity generators lining up alternative suppliers, making the system more flexible in general), though most of the enhanced capacity is not applied until after the disaster strikes.

  3. 3.

    This is often referred to as ‘robustness’.

  4. 4.

    We note that ecologists overlap their definition of recovery sometimes with the concept of adapting; however, for explanatory reasons we prefer to separate the two concepts.

  5. 5.

    We thank one of the editors for this noteworthy suggestion.

  6. 6.

    This outcome arises because our identification strategy is based on reviewing primarily economics journals (see for instance, Kajitani and Tatano 2009 and Wein and Rose 2011). It should be noted that, in this phase of the analysis, we did not consider papers written by economists and social scientists in ‘hazards’ journals (see e.g. Rose 2017 and Rose et al. 2016).

References

  • Akter S, Mallick B (2013) The poverty–vulnerability–resilience nexus: evidence from Bangladesh. Ecol Econ 96:114–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry PM, Rounsevell MDA, Harrison PA, Audsley E (2006) Assessing the vulnerability of agricultural land use and species to climate change and the role of policy in facilitating adaptation. Environ Sci Policy 9(2):189–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boschma R (2015) Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Reg Stud 49(5):733–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenkert AL, Malone EL (2005) Modeling vulnerability and resilience to climate change: a case study of India and Indian states. Clim Change 72(1):57–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briguglio L (1995) Small island developing states and their economic vulnerabilities. World Dev 23(9):1615–1632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briguglio L, Cordina G, Farrugia N, Vella S (2009) Economic vulnerability and resilience: concepts and measurements. Oxford Dev Stud 37(3):229–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks N, Adger WN, Kelly PM (2005) The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. Global Environ Change 15(2):151–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau M, Chang S, Eguchi R, Lee G, O’Rourke T, Reinhorn A, Shinozuka M, Tierney K, Wallace WA, von Winterfeldti D (2003) A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthq Spectra 19:733–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capello R, Caragliu A, Fratesi U (2015) Spatial heterogeneity in the costs of the economic crisis in Europe: are cities sources of regional resilience? J Econ Geogr 15(5):951–972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardona OD (2005) Indicators of disaster risk and risk management: Program for Latin America and the Caribbean: Summary Report. Inter-American Development Bank

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardona OD, van Aalst MK, Birkmann J, Fordham M, Mc Gregor G, Perez R, Pulwarty RS, Schipper ELF, Sinh BT (2012) Determinants of risk: exposure and vulnerability. In Field CB, Barros V, Stocker TF, Qin D, Dokken DJ, Ebi KL, Mastrandrea MD, Mach KJ, Plattner GK, Allen SK, Tignor M, Midgley PM (eds) Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 65–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Cellini R, Torrisi G (2014) Regional resilience in Italy: a very long-run analysis. Reg Stud 48(11):1779–1796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty J, Tobin GA, Montz BE (2005) Population evacuation: assessing spatial variability in geophysical risk and social vulnerability to natural hazards. Nat Hazard Rev 6(1):23–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan SL, Wey WM, Chang PH (2014) Establishing disaster resilience indicators for Tan-sui river basin in Taiwan. Soc Indic Res 115(1):387–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christopherson S, Michie J, Tyler P (2010) Regional resilience: theoretical and empirical perspectives. Camb J Regions Econ Soc 3:3–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colburn LL, Jepson M, Weng C, Seara T, Weiss J, Hare JA (2016) Indicators of climate change and social vulnerability in fishing dependent communities along the Eastern and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Mar Policy 74:323–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crescenzi R, Luca D, Milio S (2016) The geography of the economic crisis in Europe: national macroeconomic conditions, regional structural factors and short-term economic performance. Camb J Regions Econ Soc 9(1):13–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuadrado-Roura JR, Maroto A (2016) Unbalanced regional resilience to the economic crisis in Spain: a tale of specialisation and productivity. Camb J Regions Econ Soc 9(1):153–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL (1996) Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Prog Hum Geogr 20(4):529–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL, Finch C (2008) Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(7):2301–2306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL (2003) Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q 84(2):242–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL, Barnes L, Berry M, Burton C, Evans E, Tate E, Webb J (2008) A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environ Change 18:598–606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL, Burton CG, Emrich CT (2010) Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. J Homel Secur Emerg Manag 7(1):Article 51

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Caro P (2015) Recessions, recoveries and regional resilience: evidence on Italy. Camb J Regions Econ Soc 8(2):273–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding Q, Chen X, Hilborn R, Chen Y (2017) Vulnerability to impacts of climate change on marine fisheries and food security. Mar Policy 83:55–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doran J, Fingleton B (2015) Resilience from the micro perspective. Camb J Regions Econ Soc 8(2):205–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duval R, Elmeskov J, Vogel L (2007) Structural policies and economic resilience to shocks. OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 567

    Google Scholar 

  • ECLAC (2003) Handbook for estimating the socio-economic and environmental effects of disasters, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

    Google Scholar 

  • Eraydin A (2016) Attributes and characteristics of regional resilience: defining and measuring the resilience of Turkish regions. Reg Stud 50(4):600–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estoque RC, Murayama Y (2014) Social–ecological status index: a preliminary study of its structural composition and application. Ecol Indic 43:183–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faggian A, Gemmiti R, Jaquet T, Santini I (2017) Regional economic resilience: the experience of the Italian local labor systems. Ann Reg Sci 58:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Field EH, Seligson HA, Gupta N, Gupta V, Jordan TH, Campbell KW (2005) Loss estimates for a Puente Hills blind-thrust earthquake in Los Angeles, California. Earthq Spectra 21(2):329–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fingleton B, Garretsen H, Martin R (2012) Recessionary shocks and regional employment: evidence on the resilience of UK regions. J Reg Sci 52(1):109–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan BE, Gregory EW, Hallisey EJ, Heitgerd JL, Lewis B (2011) A social vulnerability index for disaster management. J Homel Secur Emerg Manag 8(1):Article 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Flatø M, Muttarak R, Pelser A (2017) Women, weather, and woes: the triangular dynamics of female-headed households, economic vulnerability, and climate variability in South Africa. World Dev 90:41–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster KA (2007) Case study approach to understanding regional resilience. Working paper 2008–07. Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Fratesi U, Rodríguez-Pose A (2016) The crisis and regional employment in Europe: what role for sheltered economies? Camb J Region Econ Soc 9(1):33–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallopín GC (2006) Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environ Change 16(3):293–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannakis E, Bruggeman A (2015) Economic crisis and regional resilience: evidence from Greece. Papers Reg Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godschalk DR, Kaiser EJ, Berke PR (1998) Integrating hazard mitigation and local land use planning. In: Burby RJ (ed) Cooperating with nature: confronting natural hazards with land-use planning for sustainable communities. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC, pp 85–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Graziano P (2013) Vulnerability and resilience of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of Italian provinces. Regional Studies Association, European conference

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddad BM (2005) Ranking the adaptive capacity of nations to climate change when socio-political goals are explicit. Global Environ Change 15(2):165–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haimes Y (2009) On the definition of resilience in systems. Risk Anal 29(4):498–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallegatte S (2014) Economic resilience: definition and measurement. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6852. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2432352

  • Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 4:1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson R (2010) Resilient regions in an uncertain world: wishful thinking or a practical reality? Camb J Region Econ Soc 3:11–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibarraràn ME, Malone EL, Brenkert AL (2010) Climate change vulnerability and resilience: current status and trends for Mexico. Environ Dev Sustain 12(3):365–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IDB (2011) Indicators for disaster risk and risk management – programme for Latin-America and The Caribbean. Belize. Technical notes no. IDB-TN-276

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam MM, Sallu S, Hubacek K, Paavola J (2014) Vulnerability of fishery-based livelihoods to the impacts of climate variability and change: insights from coastal Bangladesh. Reg Environ Change 14(1):281–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jongman B, Kreibich H, Apel H, Barredo JI, Bates PD, Feyen L, Ward PJ (2012) Comparative flood damage model assessment: towards a European approach. Nat Hazard Earth Syst Sci 12(12):3733–3752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kajitani Y, Tatano H (2009) Estimation of lifeline resilience factors based on empirical surveys of Japanese industries. Earthq Spectra 25(4):755–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koks EE, de Moel H, Aerts JC, Bouwer LM (2014) Effect of spatial adaptation measures on flood risk: study of coastal floods in Belgium. Reg Environ Change 14(1):413–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koks EE, Jongman B, Husby TG, Botzen WJW (2015) Combining hazard, exposure and social vulnerability to provide lessons for flood risk management. Environ Sci Policy 47:42–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kythreotis AP, Bristow GI (2017) The ‘resilience trap’: exploring the practical utility of resilience for climate change adaptation in UK city-regions. Reg Stud 51(10):1530–1541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagravinese R (2015) Economic crisis and rising gaps North–South: evidence from the Italian regions. Camb J Region Econ Soc 8(2):331–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonergan S, Gustavson K, Carter B (2000) The index of human insecurity. AVISO (Ottawa, Ont) 6:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon D, Derickson KD (2013) From resilience to resourcefulness: a critique of resilience policy and activism. Prog Hum Geogr 37(2):253–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manuel-Navarrete D, Gomez JJ, Gallopín G (2007) Syndromes of sustainability of development for assessing the vulnerability of coupled human–environmental systems. The case of hydro meteorological disasters in Central America and the Caribbean. Global Environ Change 17(2):207–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marin G, Modica M (2017) Socio-economic exposure to natural disasters. Environ Impact Assess Rev 64:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin RL (2012) Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. J Econ Geogr 12:1–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin R, Sunley P (2015) Towards a developmental turn in evolutionary economic geography? Reg Stud 49(5):712–732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins VN, Silva DS, Cabral P (2012) Social vulnerability assessment to seismic risk using multicriteria analysis: the case study of Vila Franca do Campo (São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal). Nat Hazard 62(2):385–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayunga JS (2007) Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: a capital-based approach. Summer academy for social vulnerability and resilience building, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Meerow S, Newell JP (2015) Resilience and complexity: a bibliometric review and prospects for industrial ecology. J Ind Ecol 19(2):236–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meroni F, Pessina V, Squarcina T, Locati M, Modica M, Zoboli R (2016) The economic assessment of seismic damage: an example for the 2012 event in Northern Italy. In: CERU (ed) International conference on urban risk. CERU – European Centre on Urban Risks, Lisbon (Portugal), pp 323–330. ISBN:978-989-95094-1-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Modica M (2014) Does the EU have homogeneous urban structure area? The role of agglomeration and the impact of shocks on urban structure. In: ERSA conference papers (no. ersa14p229). European Regional Science Association

    Google Scholar 

  • Modica M, Reggiani A (2014) An alternative interpretation of regional resilience: evidence from Italy. In: ERSA conference papers (No. ersa14p369). European Regional Science Association

    Google Scholar 

  • Modica M, Reggiani A (2015) Spatial economic resilience: overview and perspectives. Network Spatial Econ 15(2):211–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modica M, Zoboli R (2016) Vulnerability, resilience, hazard, risk, damage, and loss: a socio-ecological framework for natural disaster analysis. Web Ecol 16(1):59–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modica M, Reggiani A, Nijkamp P (2017a) Methodological advances in Gibrat’s and Zipf’s laws: a comparative empirical study on the evolution of urban systems. In: Shibusawa H, Sakurai K, Mizunoya T, Uchida S (eds) Socioeconomic environmental policies and evaluations in regional science. Springer, Singapore, pp 37–59

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Modica M, Zoboli R, Pagliarino E (2017b) Mapping the environmental pressure due to economic factors. The case of Italian coastal municipalities. Argomenti (8), 73–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Modica M, Reggiani A, De Vivo N, Nijkamp P (2018) Ageing and labour market development: testing Gibrat’s and Zipf’s Law for Germany. In: Modelling aging and migration effects on spatial labor markets. Springer, Cham, pp 285–309

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa D (1998) Structural causes of vulnerability to flood hazard in Pakistan. Econ Geogr 74(3):289–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Östh J, Reggiani A, Galiazzo G (2015) Spatial economic resilience and accessibility: a joint perspective. Comput Environ Urban Syst 49:148–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Östh J, Reggiani A, Nijkamp P (2018) Resilience and accessibility of Swedish and Dutch municipalities. Transportation 45:1051–1073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palaskas T, Psycharis Y, Rovolis A, Stoforos C (2015) The asymmetrical impact of the economic crisis on unemployment and welfare in Greek urban economies. J Econ Geogr 15(5):973–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelling M (2003) The vulnerability of cities: natural disasters and social resilience. Earthscan, Sterling, VA

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimm SL (1984) The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307:321–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polsky C, Neff R, Yarnal B (2007) Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: the vulnerability scoping diagram. Global Environ Change 17(3):472–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reggiani A, Hudec O, Siserova M (2016) Resilience capacity and vulnerability: the case of Slovakia. In: ERSA conference papers (No. ersa16p86). European Regional Science Association

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribot JC (1995) The causal structure of vulnerability: its application to climate impact analysis. GeoJournal 35(2):119–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose AZ (2007) Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions. Environ Hazard 7:383–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose AZ (2017) Benefit-cost analysis of economic resilience. In: Cutter S (ed) Oxford research encyclopedia of natural hazard science. Oxford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose AZ, Krausmann E (2013) An economic framework for the development of a resilience index for business recovery. Int J Disast Risk Reduct 5:73–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose AZ, Liao SY (2005) Modelling regional economic resilience to disasters: a computable general equilibrium analysis of water service disruptions. J Reg Sci 45:75–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose A, Lim D (2002) Business interruption losses from natural hazards: conceptual and methodological issues in the case of the Northridge earthquake. Environ Hazard 4(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose A, Oladosu G, Lia SY (2007) Business interruption impacts of a terrorist attack on the electric power system of Los Angeles: customer resilience to a total blackout. Risk Anal 27(3):513–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose AZ, Sue Wing I, Wei D, Wein A (2016) Economic Impacts of a California Tsunami. Nat Hazard Rev 17(2):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarewitz D, Pielke R, Keykhah M (2003) Vulnerability and risk: some thoughts from a political and policy perspective. Risk Anal 23(4):805–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrieb K, Norris FH, Galea S (2010) Measuring capacities for community resilience. Soc Indic Res 99(2):227–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somers S (2009) Measuring resilience potential: an adaptive strategy for organizational crisis planning. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 17(1):12–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterlacchini S, Zazzeri M, Genovese E, Modica M, Zoboli R (2016) Flood damage in Italy: towards an assessment model of reconstruction costs. In: EGU General Assembly 2016, held 17–22 April 2016 in Vienna Austria, p 13135

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDP (2015) Human development report 2015—work for human development. Published for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Veen A, Logtmeijer C (2005) Economic hotspots: visualizing vulnerability to flooding. Nat Hazard 36:65–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent K (2004) Creating an index of social vulnerability to climate change for Africa. Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research. Working Paper 56:1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker BH, Abel N, Anderies JM, Ryan P (2009) Resilience, adaptability, and transformability in the Goulburn-Broken Catchment, Australia. Ecol Soc 14(1):12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei YM, Fan Y, Lu C, Tsai HT (2004) The assessment of vulnerability to natural disasters in China by using the DEA method. Environ Impact Assess Rev 24(4):427–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wein A, Rose AZ (2011) Economic resilience lessons from the ShakeOut earthquake scenario. Earthq Spectra 27(2):559–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao J, Boschma R, Andersson M (2016) Industrial diversification in Europe. The differentiated role of relatedness. Papers in evolutionary economic geography no. 16.27. Utrecht University, Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Yohe G, Tol RS (2002) Indicators for social and economic coping capacity—moving toward a working definition of adaptive capacity. Global Environ Change 12(1):25–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young S, Balluz L, Malilay J (2004) Natural and technologic hazardous material releases during and after natural disasters: a review. Sci Total Environ 322(1):3–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf AA, Francisco H (2010) Hotspots! Mapping climate change vulnerability in Southeast Asia. In: Economy and environment program for Southeast Asia. Available at http://www.idrc.ca/eepsea/

  • Zou LL, Wei YM (2009) Impact assessment using DEA of coastal hazards on social-economy in Southeast Asia. Nat Hazard 48(2):167–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank two anonymous referees, as well as the editors, for the valuable comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), L’Aquila, Italy

    Marco Modica

  2. Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Aura Reggiani

  3. Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Peter Nijkamp

  4. Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

    Peter Nijkamp

Authors
  1. Marco Modica
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aura Reggiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter Nijkamp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marco Modica .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan

    Yasuhide Okuyama

  2. Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Adam Rose

Appendices

Annex 1

Table 12.3 Papers analysed for the vulnerability review
Full size table

Annex 2

Table 12.4 Papers analysed for the resilience review
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Modica, M., Reggiani, A., Nijkamp, P. (2019). Vulnerability, Resilience and Exposure: Methodological Aspects. In: Okuyama, Y., Rose, A. (eds) Advances in Spatial and Economic Modeling of Disaster Impacts. Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16237-5_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation