Abstract
Microorganisms [bacteria, fungi (yeasts and mold)] have been adopted successfully in a wide range of industries, from food and beverage processing industries to pharmaceutical operations. Additionally, microorganisms offer tremendous unexploited potential for value- added products such as amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides, vitamins, organic acids, alcohols, exopolysaccharides, antibiotics, antitumor agents, etc., through various fermentation processes and parameters. This chapter reviews the involvement of various groups of microorganisms in fermentation. The measurement of microbial biomass, growth and kinetics, and factors affecting fermentation processes are also explained. The roles of microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) involved in fermentation processes [solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF)] mostly related in processing industries are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amna T, Puri SC, Verma V, Sharma JP, Khajuria RK, Musarrat J, Spiteller M, Qazi GN. Bioreactor studies on the endophytic fungus Entrophospora infrequens for the production of an anticancer alkaloid camptothecin. Can J Microbiol. 2016;52:189–96.
Anastassiadis S, Aivasidis A, Wandrey C. Citric acid production by Candida strains under intracellular nitrogen limitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;60:81–7.
Asahi S, Izawa M, Doi M. Effects of homoserine dehydrogenase deficiency on production of cytidine by mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 2016;60:353–4.
Babu KR, Satyanarayana T. Production of bacterial enzymes by solid state fermentation. J Sci Ind Res. 1996;55:464–7.
Barragán LP, Figueroa JJB, Durán LR, González CA, Hennigs C. Fermentative production methods. In: Biotransformation of agricultural waste and by-products. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2016. p. 189–217.
Behera SS, Ray RC. Solid state fermentation for production of microbial cellulases: recent advances and improvement strategies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;86:656–69.
Behera SS, Ray RC, Zdolec N. Lactobacillus plantarum with functional properties: an approach to increase safety and shelf-life of fermented foods. BioMed Res Int. 2018;2018:9361614. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9361614.
Bohmer N, Lutz-Wahl S, Fischer L. Recombinant production of hyperthermostable CelB from Pyrococcus furiosus in Lactobacillus sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;96:903–12.
Burkovski A, Kramer R. Bacterial amino acid transport proteins: occurrence, functions, and significance for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;58:265–74.
Demain AL. Fungal secondary metabolism: regulation and functions. In: Sutton B, editor. A century of mycology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2016. p. 233–54.
Demain AL, Fang A. Emerging concepts of secondary metabolism in actinomycetes. Actinomyceto. 2015;9:98–117.
Deppenmeier U, Hoffmeister M, Prust C. Biochemistry and biotechnological applications of Gluconobacter strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;60:233–42.
Desgranges C, Vergoignan C, Georges M, Durand A. Biomass estimation in solid state fermentation I. Manual biochemical methods. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1991;35(2):200–5.
Fukaya M, Tayama K, Tamaki T, Tagami H, Okumura H, Kawamura Y, Beppu T. Cloning of the membrane bound Aldehyde dehydrogenase gene of Acetobacter polyoxogenes and improvement of acetic acid production by use of the cloned gene. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;55:171–6.
Gest H. The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of The Royal Society. Notes Rec R Soc Lond. 2004;58(2):187–201.
Grunert O, Reheul D, Van Labeke MC, Perneel M, Hernandez-Sanabria E, Vlaeminck SE, Boon N. Growing media constituents determine the microbial nitrogen conversions in organic growing media for horticulture. MicrobBiotechnol. 2016;9:389–99.
Harmsen HJM, Kubicek–Pranz EM, Rohr M, Visser J, Kubicek CP. Regulation of phosphofructokinase from the citric acid accumulating fungus Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;37:784–8.
Holzapfel W. Use of starter cultures in fermentation on a household scale. Food Control. 1997;8:241–58.
Ingram LO, Conway E, Clark DP, Sewell GW, Preston JF. Genetic engineering of ethanol production in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;53:2420–5.
Jernejc K, Cimerma A, Perdih A. Comparison of different methods for protein determination in Aspergillus niger mycelium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1986;23:445–8.
Jiang SJ, Yang YY, Wang HQ. Optimization of clavulanic acid fermentation. Chi J Antibiot. 2004;6:335–7.
Joutsjoki V, Luoma S, Tamminen M, Kilpi M, Johansen E, Palva A. Recombinant Lactococcus starters as a potential source of additional peptidolytic activity in cheese ripening. J Appl Microbiol. 2002;92:1159–66.
Kar S, Ray RC. Partial characterization and optimization of extracellular thermostable Ca2+ inhibited α-- amylase production by Streptomyces erumpens MTCC 7317. J Sci Ind Res India. 2008;67:58–64.
Kar S, Ray RC. Optimization of thermostable α- amylase production by Streptomyces erumpens MTCC 7317 in solid state fermentation using cassava fibrous residue. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2010;53:301–9.
Kar S, Ray RC. Purification, characterization and application of thermostable exo-polygalacturonase from Streptomyces erumpens MTCC 7317. J Food Biochem. 2011;35:133–42.
Kar S, Ray RC, Mohapatra UB. Alpha-amylase production by Streptomyces erumpens in solid state fermentation using response surface methodology. Polish J Microbiol. 2008;57:289–96.
Kubicek CP, Rohr M. Citric acid fermentation. CRC Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2016;3:331–73.
Lee JK, Song JY, Kim SY. Controlling substrate concentration in fedbatch Candida magnoliae culture increases mannitol production. Biotechnol Prog. 2013;19:768–75.
Li Y, Chen J, Lun SY, Rui XS. Efficient pyruvate production by a multi-vitamin. Int J Sci Tech. 2011;12:229–35.
Liu S. Bioprocess engineering: kinetics, sustainability, and reactor design. San Diego: Elsevier; 2016.
Masuda M, Takahashi K, Sakurai N, Yanagiya K, Komatsubara S, Tosa T. Further improvement of Biotin production by a recombinant strain of Serratia marcescens. Process Biochem. 2015;30:553–62.
Mienda BS, Idi A, Umar A. Microbiological features of solid state fermentation and its applications-An overview. Res Biotechnol. 2011;2:465–89.
Miyagawa K, Kimura H, Nakahama K, Kikuchi M, Doi M, Akiyama S, Nakao Y. Cloning of the Bacillus subtilis IMP dehydrogenase gene and its application to increased production of guanosine. Biotechnol. 2016;4:225–8.
Monod J. The growth of bacterial cultures. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1949;3:371–94.
Nakayama K, Suzuki T, Sato Z, Kinoshita S. Production of nucleic acid - related substances by fermentative processes. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2014;10:133–42.
Navarre WW, Schneewind O. Surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall envelope. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1999;63:174–229.
Omura S, Crump A. The life and times of Ivermectin - A success story. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;2:984–9.
Petkovic H, Cullum J, Hranueli D, Hunter IS, Peric Concha N, Pigac J, Thamchaipenet A, Vujaklija D, Long PF. Genetics of Streptomyces rimosus, the oxytetracycline producer. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2006;70:704–28.
Prajapati JB, Nair BM. The history of fermented foods. In: Farnworth ER, editor. Fermented functional foods. Boca Raton, New York, London, Washington DC: CRC Press; 2003. p. 1–25.
Rao DG. Introduction to biochemical engineering. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education; 2010.
Ray RC, Joshi VK. Fermented foods;: past, present and future scenario. In: Ray RC, Montet D, editors. Microorganisms and fermentation of traditional foods. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 2014. p. 1–36.
Robitaille G, Tremblay A, Moineau S, St-Gelais D, Vadeboncoeur C, Britten M. Fat-free yogurt made using a galactose-positive exopolysaccharide-producing recombinant strain of Streptococcus thermophilus. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:477–82.
Saito Y, Ishii Y, Hayashi H, Imao Y, Akashi T, Yoshikawa K, Noguchi Y, Soeda S, Yoshida M, Niwa M, Hosoda J, Shimomura K. Cloning of genes coding for L - sorbose and L - sorbosone dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter oxydans and microbial production of 2-keto-L-gulonate, a precursor of L - Ascorbic acid, in a recombinant G. oxydans strain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;63:454–60.
Santer M. Joseph Lister: first use of a bacterium as a ‘model organism’ to illustrate the cause of infectious disease of humans. Notes Rec R Soc Lond. 2010;64:59–65.
Sauer M, Porro D, Mattanovich D, Branduardi P. Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets. Trends Biotechnol. 2008;26(2):100–8.
Sengun IY, Karabiyikli S. Importance of acetic acid bacteria in food industry. Food Control. 2011;22:647–56.
Seufferheld MJ, Kim KM, Whitfield J, Valerio A, Caetano-Anollés G. Evolution of vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase domains and volutin granules: clues into the early evolutionary origin of the acidocalcisome. Biol Direct. 2011;6:50–5.
Shuler ML, Kargi F. Bioprocess engineering: basic concepts. 2nd ed. Upper SaddleRiver: Prentice Hall; 2002.
Spalla C, Grein A, Garofano L, Ferni G. Microbial production of Vitamin B12. In: Vandamme EJ, editor. Biotechnology of vitamins, pigments and growth factors. New York: Elsevier Appl. Sci; 2009. p. 257–84.
Stabb EV, Jacobson LM, Handelsman J. Zwittermicin A-producing strains of Bacillus cereus from diverse soils. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;60:4404–12.
Stahmann KP. Vitamins. In: Osiewacz HD, editor. The Mycota X. Industrial applications. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 231–46.
Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, Hall SJ. Principles of fermentation technology. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2013.
Strobel GA, Hess WM, Ford E, Sidhu RS, Yang X. Taxol from fungal endophytes and the issue of biodiversity. J Ind Microbiol. 2016;17:417–23.
Taherzadeh MJ, Adler L, Liden G. Strategies for enhancing fermentative production of Glycerol - A review. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2012;31:53–66.
Terebiznik MR, Pilosof AMR. Biomass estimation in solid state fermentation by modeling dry matter weight loss. Biotechnol Tech. 1999;13(3):215–9.
Thakur SA, Nemade SN, Sharanappa A. Solid state fermentation of overheated soybean meal (Waste) for production of Protease using Aspergillusoryzae. Int J Res Sci Eng Tech. 2015;50:228–35.
Thomas L, Larroche C, Pandey A. Current developments in solid-state fermentation. Biochem Eng J. 2013;81:146–61.
Vogel RF, Hammes WP, Habermeyer M, Engel KH, Knorr D, Eisenbrand G. Microbial food cultures–opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55:654–62.
Waksman SA, Woodruff HB. Actinomyces antibioticus, a new soil organism antagonistic to pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. J Bacteriol. 1941;42:231–49.
Wang ZX, Zhuge J, Fang H, Prior BA. Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review. Biotechnol Adv. 2011;19:201–23.
Willke T, Verlop KD. Biotechnological production of Itaconic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011;56:289–95.
Xiao JZ, Takahashi S, Nishimoto M, Odamaki T, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Kitaoka M. Distribution of in vitro fermentation ability of lacto-N-biose I, a major building block of human milk oligosaccharides, in Bifidobacteria strain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76:54–9.
Zakaria Z, Chong SF, Zahari AR, Fauzi NA, Shayuti SAM. Growth kinetic of fresh and freeze-dried Pleurotus sajor-caju (Oyster Mushroom) mycelium for preservation study. Key Eng Mat. 2014;594:196–202.
Zeikus JG, Jain MK, Elankovan P. Biotechnology of Succinic acid production and markets for derived industrial products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;51:545–52.
Znad H, Markos J, Bales V. Production of gluconic acid from glucose by Aspergillus niger: growth and non-growth conditions. Process Biochem. 2014;39:1341–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Behera, S.S., Ray, R.C., Das, U., Panda, S.K., Saranraj, P. (2019). Microorganisms in Fermentation. In: Berenjian, A. (eds) Essentials in Fermentation Technology. Learning Materials in Biosciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16230-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16230-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16229-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16230-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)