Abstract
Much attention has been paid in recent years to the use of smart contracts. A smart contract is a transaction protocol that executes the terms of an agreement. Ethereum is a widely used platform for executing smart contracts, defined by using a Turing-complete language. Various studies have been performed in order to analyse smart contract data from different perspectives. In our study we gather a wide range of verified smart contracts written by using the Solidity language and we analyse their code. A similar study is carried out on Solidity compilers. The aim of our investigation is the identification of the smart contract functionalities, i.e. opcodes, that play a crucial role in practice, and single out those functionalities that are not practically relevant.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
The address will remain but any interaction with it will only waste gas or ether.
References
Anderson, L., Holz, R., Ponomarev, A., Rimba, P., Weber, I.: New kids on the block: an analysis of modern blockchains (2016)
Atzei, N., Bartoletti, M., Cimoli, T.: A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (SoK). In: Maffei, M., Ryan, M. (eds.) Principles of Security and Trust, pp. 164–186. Springer, Heidelberg (2017)
Bartoletti, M., Pompianu, L.: An empirical analysis of smart contracts: platforms, applications, and design patterns. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, March 2017
Bhargavan, K., Delignat-Lavaud, A., Fournet, C., Gollamudi, A., Gonthier, G., Kobeissi, N., Kulatova, N., Rastogi, A., Sibut-Pinote, T., Swamy, N., Zanella-Béguelin, S.: Formal verification of smart contracts: short paper. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security, PLAS 2016, pp. 91–96. ACM, New York (2016)
Bistarelli, S., Mercanti, I., Santini, F.: An analysis of non-standard bitcoin transactions. In: Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology, CVCBT 2018, Zug, Switzerland, 20–22 June 2018, pp. 93–96. IEEE (2018)
Bistarelli, S., Mercanti, I., Santini, F.: A suite of tools for the forensic analysis of bitcoin transactions: preliminary report. In: Mencagli, G., Heras, D.B., Cardellini, V., Casalicchio, E., Jeannot, E., Wolf, F., Salis, A., Schifanella, C., Manumachu, R.R., Ricci, L., Beccuti, M., Antonelli, L., Sánchez, J.D.G., Scott, S.L. (eds.) Euro-Par 2018: Parallel Processing Workshops - Euro-Par 2018 International Workshops, Turin, Italy, 27–28 August 2018, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11339, pp. 329–341. Springer (2018)
Bistarelli, S., Santini, F.: Go with the-bitcoin-flow, with visual analytics. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Reggio Calabria, Italy, 29 August–01 September 2017, pp. 38:1–38:6. ACM (2017)
Bocek, T., Stiller, B.: Smart contracts – blockchains in the wings, pp. 169–184. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)
Delmolino, K., Arnett, M., Kosba, A., Miller, A., Shi, E.: Step by step towards creating a safe smart contract: lessons and insights from a cryptocurrency lab. In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2016 International Workshops, BITCOIN, VOTING, and WAHC, vol. 9604, pp. 79–94, February 2016
Fenu, G., Marchesi, L., Marchesi, M., Tonelli, R.: The ICO phenomenon and its relationships with ethereum smart contract environment. In: 2018 International Workshop on Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering (IWBOSE), pp. 26–32, March 2018
Kiffer, L., Levin, D., Mislove, A.: Analyzing ethereum’s contract topology. In: Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018, IMC 2018, Boston, MA, USA, 31 October–02 November 2018, pp. 494–499. ACM (2018)
Swan, M.: Blockchain. O’Reilly Media, Newton (2015)
Tan, M.: The ethreum block explorer (2018). https://etherscan.io. Accessed 09 Dec 2018
Wood, G.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger (2018). https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf. Accessed 08 Dec 2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bistarelli, S., Mazzante, G., Micheletti, M., Mostarda, L., Tiezzi, F. (2020). Analysis of Ethereum Smart Contracts and Opcodes. In: Barolli, L., Takizawa, M., Xhafa, F., Enokido, T. (eds) Advanced Information Networking and Applications. AINA 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 926. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15032-7_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15032-7_46
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15031-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15032-7
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)