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Modulation Representations for Speech and Music

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Timbre: Acoustics, Perception, and Cognition

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 69))

Abstract

The concept of modulation has been ubiquitously linked to the notion of timbre. Modulation describes the variations of an acoustic signal (both spectrally and temporally) that shape how the acoustic energy fluctuates as the signal evolves over time. These fluctuations are largely shaped by the physics of a sound source or acoustic event and, as such, are inextricably reflective of the sound identity or its timbre. How one extracts these variations or modulations remains an open research question. The manifestation of signal variations not only spans the time and frequency axes but also bridges various resolutions in the joint spectrotemporal space. The additional variations driven by linguistic and musical constructs (e.g., semantics, harmony) further compound the complexity of the spectrotemporal space. This chapter examines common techniques that are used to explore the modulation space in such signals, which include signal processing, psychophysics, and neurophysiology. The perceptual and neural interpretations of modulation representations are discussed in the context of biological encoding of sounds in the central auditory system and the psychophysical manifestations of these cues. This chapter enumerates various representations of modulations, including the signal envelope, the modulation spectrum, and spectrotemporal receptive fields. The review also examines the effectiveness of these representations for understanding how sound modulations convey information to the listener about the timbre of a sound and, ultimately, how sound modulations shape the complex perceptual experience evoked by everyday sounds such as speech and music.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Elhilali’s work is supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR).

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Mounya Elhilali declares she has no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Computational Audio Perception, Center for Speech and Language Processing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Mounya Elhilali

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  1. Mounya Elhilali
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

    Kai Siedenburg

  2. Audio Communication Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Charalampos Saitis

  3. Schulich School of Music, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Stephen McAdams

  4. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Collage Park, MD, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  5. Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Richard R. Fay

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Elhilali, M. (2019). Modulation Representations for Speech and Music. In: Siedenburg, K., Saitis, C., McAdams, S., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) Timbre: Acoustics, Perception, and Cognition. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 69. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14832-4_12

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