Abstract
This chapter examines the prospects and challenges for continued UK-EU military cooperation post-Brexit. It does so by looking at the UK’s involvement in the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) as a member state and the insights this presents us into ‘no deal’ and ‘deal’ scenarios. Applying a neoclassical realist analytical framework, this chapter shows that EU member states have been incentivised by the international system to pursue military cooperation. Second, the findings demonstrate that such engagement is also impacted by specific pressures at the unit-level. As both international and domestic factors shaped UK policy positions towards the CSDP as an EU member state, the two types of conditions are predicted to remain relevant for future UK-EU military cooperation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
US Secretary of Defence Mattis (2018) provides an illustrative example of this in identifying military mobility as an area whereby EU defence cooperation “enhances NATO’s common defence capability rather than draw down on it”.
- 2.
Some members of the UK government aim to participate in the FAC in an “advisory capacity”. See Q368, Oral evidence from the Foreign Secretary, HC 538, 31 October 2018: http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/oral-evidence-from-the-foreign-secretary/oral/92185.pdf.
References
Aghniashvili, T. (2016). Towards More Effective Cooperation? The Role of States in Shaping NATO-EU Interaction and Cooperation. Connections, 15(4), 67–90.
Albright, M. (1998). Press conference by US secretary of state Albright. Brussels. Accessed October 25, 2018, https://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1998/s981208x.htm
Bakker, A., Drent, M., & Zandee, D. (2017). European defence: How to engage the UK after Brexit?, Clingendael Report July 17. The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Barnier, M. (2017). Speech by Michel Barnier at the Berlin security conference. Press Release. Accessed October 4, 2018, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-17-5021_en.htm
Barnier, M. (2018). Speech by Michel Barnier at the EU Institute for security studies conference. Press Release. Brussels. Accessed October 15, 2018, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-18-3785_en.htm
Besch, S. (2018). Plugging in the British: EU defence policy. Policy Brief. Centre For European Reform. Accessed October 28, 2018, from https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/pbrief_plugin_def_25.4.18.pdf
Birch, T., & Crotts, J. (1993). European defence integration: National interests, national sensitivities. In A. Cafruny & G. Rosenthal (Eds.), The state of the European Community (The Maastricht debates and beyond) (Vol. 2, pp. 265–281). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Biscop, S. (2016). All or nothing? The EU global strategy and defence policy after the Brexit. Contemporary Security Policy, 37(1), 431–445.
Biscop, S., & Colemont, J. (2011). Europe Deploys Towards a Civil-Military Strategy for CSDP. Policy Brief. EGMONT - The Royal Institute for International Relations. Accessed January 29, 2019, from http://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2013/09/ep49.pdf?type=pdf
Blair, T. (1997). Address to the Lord Mayor’s banquet. Transcript of Speech. National Archives. Accessed September 23, 2018, from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080206000438/http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page1070.asp
Blair, T. (1998). It’s time to repay America. OpEd. New York Times. Accessed September 23, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/13/opinion/it-s-time-to-repay-america.html
Blair, T. (1999). The case for Britain in Europe. Transcript of Speech. The Guardian. Accessed September 24, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/1999/jul/27/emu.theeuro2
Blair, T. (2002). PM statement on European Council meeting. Transcript of Speech. National Archives. London. Accessed September 23, 2018, from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080908230555/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page1742
Bush, G. W. (2002). Remarks by the President of the United States, George W. Bush to the Atlantic Student Summit. Prague. Accessed October 25, 2018, from https://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2002/s021120f.htm
Cabinet Office. (2018). The future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union. White Paper. London. Accessed October 4, 2018, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/725288/The_future_relationship_between_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.pdf
Carney, M. (2018, August 3). Interview on today programme. Audio of Interview. BBC Radio 4. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45055861
Chappell, L. (2009). Differing member state approaches to the development of the EU battlegroup concept: Implications for CSDP. European Security, 18(4), 417–439.
Cladi, L., & Locatelli, A. (2012). Bandwagoning, not balancing: Why Europe confounds realism. Contemporary Security Policy, 33(2), 264–288.
Cladi, L., & Locatelli, A. (2013). Worth a shot: On the explanatory power of bandwagoning in the transatlantic relationship. Contemporary Security Policy, 34(2), 374–381.
Cladi, L., & Webber, M. (2011). Italian foreign policy in the post-cold war period: A neoclassical realist approach. European Security, 20(2), 205–219.
Collier, D., Mahoney, J., & Seawright, J. (2004). Claiming too much: Warnings about selection bias. In H. E. Brady & D. Collier (Eds.), Rethinking social inquiry: Diverse tools, shared standards (pp. 85–102). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Cornish, P. (2013). United Kingdom. In H. Biehl, B. Giegerich, & A. Jonas (Eds.), Strategic cultures in Europe: Security and defence policies across the continent (pp. 371–385). Wiesbaden: Springer.
Cox, R. W. (2007). The international in evolution. Millennium, 35(3), 513–527.
Croft, S. (2001). Britain and defence 1945–2000. London: Routledge.
Department for Exiting the European Union. (2018). Technical note on consultation and cooperation on external security. London. Accessed September 24, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/710856/FINAL_External_Security_pdf
Dombrowski, P., & Reich, S. (2017). Does Donald Trump have a grand strategy? International Affairs, 93(5), 1013–1037.
Dorman, A. (2017). The Future of British Defence Policy. Focus stratégique, No. 74. Institut français des relations internationales. Accessed January 29, 2019, from https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/dorman_british_defence_policy_2017.pdf
Dover, R. (2007). Europeanization of British defence policy. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Dyson, T. (2010). Neoclassical realism and defence reform in post-cold war Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Easton, M. (2018). Europol head fears loss of UK influence after Brexit. News Article. BBC News. Accessed September 23, 2018, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-42874985
Elliot, C. L. (2015). High command: British military leadership in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
European Commission. (2017). Reflection paper on the future of European defence. Accessed September 25, 2018, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/reflection-paper-defence_en.pdf
European Commission. (2018). Brexit: European Commission publishes communication on preparing for the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. Press Release. Brussels. Accessed September 28, 2018, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4545_en.htm
European Council. (2018). European Council (Art. 50) guidelines on the framework for the future EU-UK relationship, 23 March 2018. Brussels. Accessed September 25, 2018, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/03/23/european-council-art-50-guidelines-on-the-framework-for-the-future-eu-uk-relationship-23-march-2018/pdf
European Defence Agency. (2017). Collective and national defence data. Accessed September 29, 2018, from http://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/documents/eda-national-defence-data-2013-2014-(2015-est)5397973fa4d264cfa776ff000087ef0f.pdf
European Parliament. (2018). CSDP after Brexit: The way forward. Policy Paper. Accessed September 13, 2018, from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603852/EXPO_STU(2018)603852_EN.pdf
European Union. (2016). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. Strategy Document. Accessed September 22, 2018, from https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf
Faleg, G. (2013). United Kingdom: The elephant in the room. In F. Santopinto & M. Price (Eds.), National approaches to European defence policy: Common denominators and misunderstandings (pp. 132–154). Brussels: CEPS.
FCO. (2017). Explanatory memorandum on the European Union’s common foreign and security policy. Document submitted to House of Commons European Scrutiny Committee. Accessed September 22, 2018, from http://europeanmemoranda.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/files/2017/07/Signed_EM_(1).pdf
FCO. (2018). Appendix: Memorandum from the foreign and commonwealth office. Submission to House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee. Accessed September 28, 2018, from https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/780/78008.htm#_idTextAnchor035
Fox, L. (2017, July 20). Interview on today programme. Audio of Interview. BBC Radio 4. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0595g20
Freedman, L. (1995). Alliance and the British way in warfare. Review of International Studies, 21(2), 145–158.
George, S. (1998). An awkward partner: Britain in the European Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
George, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Giegerich, B., & Mölling, C. (2018).The United Kingdom’s contribution to European security and defence. Policy Report. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Accessed September 26, 2018, from https://dgap.org/en/article/getFullPDF/30724
Gomis, B. (2011). Franco-British defence and security treaties: Entente while it lasts?. Policy Paper. Chatham House. Accessed September 26, 2018, from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Security/0311pp_gomis.pdf
HM Government. (2017a). Foreign policy, defence and development: A future partnership paper. Policy Paper. Accessed September 21, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/foreign-policydefence-and-development-a-future-partnership-paper
HM Government. (2017b). Security, law enforcement and criminal justice: A future partnership paper. Policy Paper. Accessed September 21, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/security-law-enforcement-and-criminal-justice-a-future-partnership-paper
HM Government. (2018). Framework for the UK-EU security partnership. Presentation to EU Article 50 Taskforce. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/705687/2018-05-0_security_partnership_slides__SI__FINAL.pdf
Hollinger, P. (2018). EU outmanoeuvres UK in latest battle over Galileo. News Article. Financial Times. Accessed September 25, 2018, from https://www.ft.com/content/8b37b0ea-68d6-11e8-8cf3-0c230fa67aec
House of Lords. (2004). Evidence of Simon Webb, Policy Director MoD. Minutes of Evidence, European Union Committee (Sub-Committee C) – EU Security Strategy. Accessed September 26, 2018, from https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldselect/ldeucom/180/4030402.htm
House of Lords. (2018). Brexit: Common security and defence policy missions and operations. European Union Committee. Accessed September 28, 2018, from https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldeucom/132/132.pdf
Howorth, J. (2000). Britain, NATO and the CESDP: Fixed strategy, changing tactics. European Foreign Affairs Review, 5(3), 377–396.
Howorth, J. (2002). France, NATO and European security: Status Quo Unstainable; new balance unattainable? Politique étrangère, 4(1), 1–17.
Howorth, J., & Menon, A. (2009). Still not pushing back: Why the European Union is not balancing the United States. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(5), 727–744.
Hunt, J. (2018). Oral evidence from the Foreign Secretary to the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee. London. Accessed October 25, 2018, from http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/oral-evidence-from-the-foreign-secretary/oral/92185.pdf
Hunter, R. (2002). The European security and defence policy: NATO’s companion – or competitor? Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
Hynek, N. (2011). EU crisis management after the Lisbon treaty: Civil-military coordination and the future of the EU OHQ. European Security, 20(1), 81–102.
Hyde-Price, A. (2012). Realism: a dissident voice in the study of the CSDP. In S. Biscop & R. Whitman (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of European Security (pp. 18–27). London: Routledge.
Ikenberry, G. J., Mastanduno, M., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2009). Unipolarity, state behavior, and systemic consequences. World Politics, 62(1), 1–27.
Keukeleire, S., & Delreux, T. (2014). The foreign policy of the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Kienzle, B. (2016). Why ‘defence’ does not serve as a suitable argument in the Brexit debate. Comment. Defence In Depth. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://defenceindepth.co/2016/05/23/why-defence-does-not-serve-as-a-suitable-argument-in-the-brexit-debate/
Koutrakos, P. (2013). The EU common security and defence policy. Oxford: Oxford EU Law Library.
Krause, K. (1999). Culture and security: Multilateralism, arms control and security building. London: Frank Cass.
Lazarou, E., & Friede, A. (2018). Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO): Beyond Establishment. Briefing. European Parliamentary Research Service. Accessed January 29, 2019, from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/614739/EPRS_BRI%282018%29614739_EN.pdf
Lehne, S. (2012). The big three in EU foreign policy. Reflection Paper. Carnegie Europe. Accessed September 26, 2018, from http://carnegieeurope.eu/2012/07/05/big-three-in-eu-foreign-policy-pub-48759
Lidington, D. (2012). EU common security and defence policy: The UK perspective. Transcript of Speech. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Accessed September 28, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/eu-common-security-and-defence-policy-the-uk-perspective
Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., & Taliaferro, J. W. (2016). Neoclassical realist theory of international politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Longhurst, K., & Miskimmon, A. (2007). Same challenges, diverging responses: Germany, the UK and European Security. German Politics, 16(1), 79–94.
Mace, C. (2004). Operation Concordia: Developing a European Approach to Crisis Management. International Peacekeeping, 11(3), 474–490.
Macmillan, A. (1995). Strategic culture and national ways in warfare: The British case. The RUSI Journal, 140(5), 33–38.
Manners, I. (2000). Substance and symbolism: An anatomy of cooperation in the New Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Mattis, J. N. (2018). Press Conference by Secretary Mattis at NATO Headquarters. Brussels. Accessed October 25, 2018, from https://dod.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1443704/press-conference-by-secretary-mattis-at-nato-headquarters-in-brussels-belgium/
Mawdsley, J. (2015). France, the UK and the EDA. In N. Karampekios & I. Oikonomou (Eds.), The European defence agency: Arming Europe (pp. 139–154). London: Routledge.
May, T. (2016). Prime Minister: Britain after Brexit: A vision of a global Britain. Transcript of Speech. Conservative Party Conference. Accessed October 4, 2018, from http://press.conservatives.com/post/151239411635/prime-minister-britain-after-brexit-a-vision-of
May, T. (2017a). The government’s negotiating objectives for exiting the EU: PM speech. Transcript of Speech. Lancaster House. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-governments-negotiating-objectives-for-exiting-the-eu-pm-speech
May, T. (2017b). PM’s Florence speech: A new era of cooperation and partnership between the UK and the EU. Transcript of Speech. Florence. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-florence-speech-a-new-era-of-cooperation-and-partnership-between-the-uk-and-the-eu
May, T. (2018). PM speech at Munich Security Conference: 17 February 2018. Transcript of Speech. Munich. Accessed September 27, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-munich-security-conference-17-february-2018
McGee, P., & Parker, G. (2017). Europe cannot rely on US and faces life without UK, says Merkel. News Article, Financial Times. Accessed October 3, 2018, from https://www.ft.com/content/51ed8b90-43b9-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996
Menon, A. (2010). Between faith and reason: UK policy towards the US and the EU. Briefing Paper. Chatham House. Accessed October 3, 2018, from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Europe/bp0710_menon.pdf
Menon, A. (2016). Will Brexit erode the UK’s role in European defence?. OpEd. Financial Times. Accessed September 8, 2018, from https://www.ft.com/content/bd08db7e-9565-11e8-b67b-b8205561c3fe
Mills, C. (2017). EU defence: The realisation of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). Briefing Paper. House of Commons Library. Accessed September 21, 2018, from https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-8149#fullreport
MoD. (2002). Strategic defence review: A new chapter. Strategic Document. Ministry of Defence. Accessed August 28, 2018, from https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmdfence/93/93.pdf
MoD. (2015). National security strategy and strategic defence and security review. Ministry of Defence. Accessed August 28, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478936/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_PRINT_only.pdf
Moore, C. (2016). Field Marshal Lord Guthrie: Why I now back the leave campaign. News Article. The Telegraph. Accessed September 20, 2018, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/17/field-marshal-lord-guthrie-why-i-now-back-the-leave-campaign/
Moravcsik, A., & Legro, J. W. (1999). Is anybody still a realist? International Security, 24(2), 5–55.
Morgenthau, H. J., & Thompson, K. W. (1950). Principles and problems of international politics. New York: Knopf.
Narizny, K. (2017). On systemic paradigms and domestic politics: A critique of the newest realism. International Security, 42(2), 155–190.
NATO. (2017). Defence expenditure of NATO countries (2010–2017). Press Release. Accessed October 20, 2018, from https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2017_06/20170629_170629-pr2017-111-en.pdf
Nicol, M., & Craven, N. (2016). Invasion of the EU army! Worried Euro tanks may park on our lawn, Minister? Too late… they’re already here. News Article, Mail on Sunday. Accessed September 20, 2018, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3602683/Invasion-EU-army-Worried-Euro-tanks-park-lawn-Minister-late-here.html
Nuland, V. (2008). Bringing transatlantic security into the 21st century. Transcript of Speech. LSE. Accessed September 25, 2018, from http://www.lse.ac.uk/assets/richmedia/channels/publicLecturesAndEvents/transcripts/20080225_Nuland_tr.pdf
O’Donnell, C. (2011). Britain’s coalition government and EU defence cooperation: Undermining British interests. International Affairs, 87(2), 419–433.
Obama, B. (2014). Remarks by President Obama at NATO Summit Press Conference. Press Release. Cardiff. Accessed October 29, 2018, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/05/remarks-president-obama-nato-summit-press-conference
Obama, B. (2016). Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference. Transcript of Speech. London. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press
Oliver, T. (2015). To be or not to be in Europe: Is that the question? Britain’s European question and an in/out referendum. International Affairs, 91(1), 77–91.
Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7–45.
Parly, F. (2018). Remarks by French Minister of the Armed Forces, Florence Parly, in an Interview with Le Figaro. Transcript of Speech. Luxembourg. Accessed October 28, 2018, from http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/06/24/01003-20180624ARTFIG 00161-florence-parly-l-europe-de-la-defense-necessite-une-culture-strategique-commune.php
Paul, T. V. (2005). Soft balancing in the age of U.S. primacy. International Security, 30(1), 46–71.
Peters, D. (2015). Constrained balancing: The EU’s security policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pohl, B. (2014). To what ends? Governmental interests and European Union (non-) intervention in Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Cooperation and Conflict, 49(2), 191–211.
Posen, B. R. (2006). European Union security and defence policy: A response to unipolarity? Security Studies, 15(2), 149–186.
Prime Minister’s Office. (2017). PM: Britain is unconditionally committed to the defence and security of Europe. Press Release. London. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-britain-is-unconditionally-committed-to-the-defence-and-security-of-europe
PWC. (2018). UK economic outlook. Economic Forecast Report. PricewaterhouseCoopers. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://www.pwc.co.uk/economic-services/ukeo/ukeo-july18-full-report.pdf
Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144–172.
Ruback, T. J. (2010). Let me tell the story straight on: Middlemarch, process-tracing methods and the politics of narrative. British Journal of Politics, 12(4), 477–497.
Rutten, M. (2001). From St. Malo to Nice: European defence: Core Document’s. Chaillot Paper 47. WEU Institute for Security Studies. Accessed October 3, 2018, from https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/cp047e.pdf
Saracino, P. (1994). ARRC at the sharp end: NATO’s rapid reaction emergency service. International Defence Review, 27(5), 33–35.
Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for profit: Bringing the revisionist state back. International Security, 19(1), 72–107.
Schweller, R. L. (2003). Neoclassical realism. In C. Elman & M. Elman (Eds.), Progress in international relations theory (pp. 311–347). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Schweller, R. L. (2006). Unanswered threats. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Shepherd, A. J. K. (2015). EU military capability development and the EDA. In N. Karampekios & I. Oikonomou (Eds.), The European defence agency (pp. 65–83). London: Routledge.
Simon, L., & Mattelaer, A. (2011). EUnity of command: The planning and conduct of CSDP operations. Policy Brief. EGMONT - The Royal Institute for International Relations. Accessed October 11, 2018, from http://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2013/09/ep41.pdf?type=pdf
Smith, M. E. (2017). Europe’s common security and defence policy: Capacity building, experimental learning, and institutional change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Snyder, G. H. (1984). The security dilemma in alliance politics. World Politics, 36(4), 461–495.
Stoddart, K., & Baylis, J. (2012). The British nuclear experience: The role of beliefs, culture, and status (part two). Diplomacy & Statecraft, 23(3), 493–516.
Tardy, T. (2014). CSDP: Getting third states on board. Policy Brief. EU ISS. Accessed October 11, 2018, from https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_6_CSDP_and_third_states.pdf
Tardy, T. (2018). What third-country role is open to the UK in defence? Policy Brief. CEPS. Accessed October 25, 2018, from https://www.ceps.eu/system/files/Tardy_Brexit.pdf
The Telegraph. (2011). Britain blocks EU plans for ‘operational military headquarters’. News Article. London. Accessed October 4, 2018, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/8645749/Britain-blocks-EU-plans-for-operational-military-headquarters.html
Trump, D. (2017). Remarks by President Trump at NATO Unveiling of the Article 5 and Berlin Wall Memorials. Brussels. Accessed October 28, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-nato-unveiling-article-5-berlin-wall-memorials-brussels-belgium/
Turpin, L. D. (2018). The military dimension of Brexit: A no-deal on defence? DCU Brexit Institute. Accessed October 28, 2018, from http://dcubrexitinstitute.eu/2018/08/the-military-dimension-of-brexit-a-no-deal-on-defence/
Walsh, J. I. (2006). Intelligence-sharing in the European Union, institutions are not enough. Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(3), 625–643.
Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
White, B. (2001). Understanding European foreign policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Whitman, R. G. (2016). The UK and EU foreign, security and defence policy after Brexit: Integrated, associated or detached? National Institute Economic Review, 238(1), 43–50.
Whitman, R. G. (2017). Avoiding a Hard Brexit in foreign policy. Survival, 59(6), 47–54.
Wood, S. (2003). ‘The Iraq War: Five European Roles’, National Europe Centre Paper No. 112. Accessed October 4, 2018, from https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41693/3/EuropeandIraq-paper.pdf
Zielonka, J. (2001). Transatlantic relations: Beyond the common foreign and security policy. The International Spectator, 35(4), 27–40.
Zyla, B. (2015). Untying the Knot? Assessing the compatibility of the American and European strategic culture under President Obama. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 28(2), 104–126.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Turpin, L.D. (2019). UK-EU Military Cooperation and Brexit from a Neoclassical Realist Perspective: No Big Deal?. In: Baciu, CA., Doyle, J. (eds) Peace, Security and Defence Cooperation in Post-Brexit Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12418-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12418-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12417-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12418-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)