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Lost and Found: Counter-Narratives of Dis/Located Children

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Children’s Voices from the Past

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood ((PSHC))

Abstract

Conventional histories of children in institutional care are dominated by official voices justifying a coercive welfare system which isolated children from their families and silenced them publicly. But a succession of formal inquiries has motivated survivors of institutionalised childhoods to testify about atrocious maltreatment. Freedom of Information legislation gave survivors incentives to understand their time in “care” and to reconnect with families. However, many found personal records missing, while those that were located were woefully inadequate, often inaccurate, and painfully pejorative. Care-leavers are now asserting a developing counter-narrative that challenges the dominant narrative of previous eras. This chapter summarises a case that goes beyond traditional welfare archives to reveal a story of multi-generational welfare custody, exemplifying the historic ideology underpinning child welfare in Victoria.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “The Brookside Reformatory: Serious Allegations Against the Management,” Star (Ballarat), 17 July 1899, 2. (Please note that colonial newspapers often published reports with no title and only rarely named the author.)

  2. 2.

    Victorian Government, Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools, Annual Report for 1899. The relevant Department changed its name many times over the years. For the sake of simplicity, we henceforth use the term “Annual Report” to refer to that Department’s report to Parliament.

  3. 3.

    “Rejoinder from a Former Officer,” Argus (Melbourne), 17 July 1899, 5.

  4. 4.

    No Title, Star, 26 July 1899, 2.

  5. 5.

    No Title, Courier (Ballarat), 24 July 1899, 2.

  6. 6.

    “Brookside Reformatory: Searching Investigation: The Charges of Cruelty: A Complete Vindication,” Star, 24 July 1899, 2.

  7. 7.

    Marjorie Theobald, Knowing Women: Origins of Women’s Education in Nineteenth-Century Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 237.

  8. 8.

    Alice Henry (Special Reporter), “Reformatories and Reform: Private Efforts at State Expense: Brookside Institution: Managed on Wrong Principles,” Argus, 2 August 1899, 4.

  9. 9.

    Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly: Female Convicts, Sexuality and Gender in Colonial Australia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 86, 88–89.

  10. 10.

    Argus, 2 August 1899, 4.

  11. 11.

    Star, 18 July 1899, 4.

  12. 12.

    Annual Report for 1903, 4.

  13. 13.

    Star, 23 December 1879, 2.

  14. 14.

    Annual Report for 1902, 5.

  15. 15.

    Robert Van Kreiken, “State Intervention, Welfare and the Social Construction of Girlhood in Australian History,” TASA Sociology Conference, Flinders University, Adelaide, 1992; Renata Howe and Shurlee Swain, Single Mothers and Their Children: Disposal, Punishment and Survival in Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Kerry Carrington with Margaret Pereira, Offending Youth: Sex, Crime and Justice (Sydney: Federation Press, 2009).

  16. 16.

    Victorian Government, Submission to Senate Community Affairs References Committee [“Forgotten Australians” Inquiry], 2003.

  17. 17.

    Harry Ferguson, “Abused and Looked After Children as ‘Moral Dirt’: Child Abuse and Institutional Care in Historical Perspective,” Journal of Social Policy 36, no. 1 (2007), 123; Shurlee Swain, History of Child Protection Legislation (Sydney: Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, 2014), 6.

  18. 18.

    Christina Twomey, Deserted and Destitute: Motherhood, Wife Desertion and Colonial Welfare (Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2002); Nell Musgrove, The Scars Remain: A Long History of Forgotten Australians and Children’s Institutions (Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2013); Donella Jaggs, Neglected and Criminal: Foundations of Child Welfare Legislation in Victoria (Melbourne: Centre for Youth and Community Studies, Phillip Institute of Technology, 1986).

  19. 19.

    Leonard Tierney, Children Who Need Help (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963), 119.

  20. 20.

    Dorothy Scott, “Sowing the Seeds of Innovation in Child Protection,” Paper Given at the 10th Australasian Child Abuse and Neglect Conference, Wellington NZ, 2006.

  21. 21.

    Ferguson, “Abused and Looked After Children,” 123.

  22. 22.

    Ruth Levitas, The Inclusive Society? Social Exclusion and New Labour (London: Macmillan, 1998).

  23. 23.

    Robert Menzies, “The Forgotten People,” Speech b’cast May 22, 1942, reprinted in Well May We Say…The Speeches That Made Australia, ed. Sally Warhaft (Melbourne: Black Inc., 2004), 155.

  24. 24.

    Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Four Corners, 15 March 2010.

  25. 25.

    Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse [Hereafter Royal Commission], “Case Study 33” (Adelaide: Transcript, October 9, 2015), 11338.

  26. 26.

    Community Welfare Department memo (June 29, 1955) quoted in Kate Gaffney, “The Best of Intentions: Winlaton Youth Training Centre 1956–1993,” MA Diss., Monash University, 1998, 36.

  27. 27.

    Royal Commission, “Case Study 33,” 11338.

  28. 28.

    Age, 18 November 1927, 12.

  29. 29.

    Annual Report for 1934, 8.

  30. 30.

    Dorothy Scott and Shurlee Swain, Confronting Cruelty: Historical Perspectives on Child Abuse (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002), xiv.

  31. 31.

    For a broader discussion about the silences in case files in a range of settings including child welfare, as well as records from courts, asylums, hospitals and so on, see On the Case: Explorations in Social History, ed. Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Mitchinson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).

  32. 32.

    Shurlee Swain, “Giving Voice to Narratives of Institutional Sex Abuse,” Australian Feminist Law Journal 41, no. 2 (2015): 301.

  33. 33.

    Shurlee Swain, “Giving Voice to Narratives,” 291.

  34. 34.

    The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted in 1989 and stimulated the work of advocates in the 1990s, but the discourse of children’s rights has a much longer history which was used by people working for reform long before rights were codified. See, e.g., Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Legislative History of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, vol. 1 (New York: United Nations, 2007).

  35. 35.

    Freedom of Information (FOI) laws coupled with privacy laws in each jurisdiction in Australia opened up access to personal information. See Rhys Stubbs, “Freedom of Information and Democracy in Australia and Beyond,” Australian Journal of Political Science 43, no. 4 (2008).

  36. 36.

    Care-leavers in Australia began organising collectively in the mid 1990s and the national peak body, Care Leavers Australia (now Australasia) Network (CLAN), was established in 2000.

  37. 37.

    Johanna Sköld, “Historical Abuse—A Contemporary Issue: Compiling Inquiries into Abuse and Neglect of Children in Out-of-Home Care Worldwide,” Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 14, sup. 1 (2013), 5–23.

  38. 38.

    Australian Human Rights Commission, Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families (Sydney: The Commission, 1997).

  39. 39.

    Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Lost Innocents: Righting the Record: Report on Child Migration (Canberra: Australian Government, 2001).

  40. 40.

    Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Forgotten Australians: A Report on Australians Who Experienced Institutional or Out-of-Home Care as Children (Canberra: Australian Government, 2004).

  41. 41.

    Human Rights Commission, Bringing Them Home.

  42. 42.

    Senate Committee, Lost Innocents.

  43. 43.

    Sköld, “Historical Abuse,” 1.

  44. 44.

    Senate Committee, Forgotten Australians.

  45. 45.

    Senate Committee, Forgotten Australians, 128.

  46. 46.

    Senate Committee, Forgotten Australians, xv.

  47. 47.

    Royal Commission, “Fast Facts,” (2017), https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au.

  48. 48.

    Jacqueline Wilson and Frank Golding, “Latent Scrutiny: Personal Archives as Perpetual Mementos of the Official Gaze,” Archival Science 16, no. 1 (2016); Nell Musgrove, “The Role and Importance of History,” in Apologies and the Legacy of Institutional Child Abuse: International Perspectives, eds. Johanna Sköld and Shurlee Swain (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

  49. 49.

    Shurlee Swain, “Stakeholders as Subjects: The Role of Historians in the Development of Australia’s Find and Connect Web Resource,” The Public Historian 36, no. 4 (2014).

  50. 50.

    Royal Commission, Consultation Paper on Records and Recordkeeping Practices (Sydney: The Commission, 2016), 10.

  51. 51.

    Gaffney, “The Best of Intentions,” 11.

  52. 52.

    Wilson and Golding, “Latent Scrutiny.”

  53. 53.

    Suellen Murray, Finding Lost Childhoods: Supporting Care-Leavers to Access Personal Records (Melbourne: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 83ff.

  54. 54.

    Parliament of Victoria, Victorian Parliamentary Debate, 15 November 2017. https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/daily-hansard/Council_2017/Council_Aug-Dec_2017_Daily_15_November_2017.pdf.

  55. 55.

    Tierney, Children Who Need Help, 93.

  56. 56.

    Anonymous personal communication.

  57. 57.

    Frank Golding, An Orphan’s Escape: Memories of a Lost Childhood (Melbourne: Lothian, 2005), 218.

  58. 58.

    Golding, Orphan’s Escape, 221.

  59. 59.

    Ibid.

  60. 60.

    Parliament of Victoria, Freedom of Information Act (1992), s. 39.

  61. 61.

    The major agencies that hold care-leaver records in Victoria meet bi-monthly to discuss policy and exchange information. The consensus is that applications to correct or amend files are unusual.

  62. 62.

    Leonie Sheedy, Vlad Selacovic, and Frank Golding, in conversation with David Denborough, “So You Are Accessing Your Personal File? You Are Not Alone,” International Journal of Narrative Theory and Community Work, no. 4 (2017).

  63. 63.

    Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly, 102.

  64. 64.

    Anonymous personal communication.

  65. 65.

    Larissa Behrendt, “Settlement or Invasion? The Coloniser’s Quandary,” in The Honest History Book, eds. David Stephens and Alison Broinowski (Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2017), 233.

  66. 66.

    Martin Lyons, “A New History from Below: The Writing Culture of Ordinary People in Europe.” History Australia 7, no. 3 (2010): 59.1.

  67. 67.

    Frank Golding, Orphan’s Escape; Bob Golding, The Invisible Children (Warracknabeal, VIC: Self-Published, 2006); Bob Golding, Behind and Beyond the Brick Walls (Melbourne: Self-Published, 2008).

  68. 68.

    Ashley Barnwell, “Locating an Intergenerational Self in Postcolonial Family Histories,” Life Writing 14, no. 4 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2017.1364171.

  69. 69.

    Victorian Public Record Office, VPRS 4527, Children’s Register, P0002, Book 1.

  70. 70.

    Ibid.

  71. 71.

    Jaggs, Neglected and Criminal, 28.

  72. 72.

    Argus, August 19, 1872, 6.

  73. 73.

    Shurlee Swain, History of Inquiries Reviewing Institutions Providing Care for Children (Sydney: Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, 2014), 8.

  74. 74.

    CLAN, Struggling to Keep It Together: A National Survey About Older Care-Leavers Who Were in Australia’s Orphanages, Children’s Homes, Foster Care and Other Institutions (Sydney: CLAN, 2011); Kirsi-Maria Hytönen, “‘My Mom Was a Whore, but I Am a Good Mother’: Emotions Connected to Parenthood in Life Stories of Care-Leavers,” Paper Given at the European Social Science History Conference, Belfast, 7 April 2018.

  75. 75.

    Senate Committee, Forgotten Australians, 152–153.

  76. 76.

    Senate Committee, Forgotten Australians, 152.

  77. 77.

    Frank Golding has completed a book-length manuscript with the working title: That’s Not My Child: Letters to a Lost Mother chronicling the institutionalisation of the extended Sinnett/Golding family.

  78. 78.

    Sabrina Golds, “Legal Analysis of the Provisions Governing Access to, Disclosure of and Use of Records Held by Agencies Containing Information on Childhood Care Histories,” Paper for the Rights in Records by Design project, Monash University and Federation University Australia, unpub. 2018, 14.

  79. 79.

    State Wardship file, Minnie Sennett (sic) number 63913.

  80. 80.

    Behrendt, “Settlement or Invasion?” 233.

  81. 81.

    Royal Commission, Final Report, vol. 12 (Sydney: The Commission, 2017): 184.

  82. 82.

    Victorian Commission for Children and Young People, “As a good parent would…” Inquiry into the Adequacy of the Provision of Residential Care Services to Victorian Children and Young People Who Have Been Subject toSexual Abuseor Sexual Exploitation Whilst Residing in Residential Care (Melbourne: The Commission, 2015), 54–55.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federation University Australia, Kensington, VIC, Australia

    Frank Golding

  2. Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia

    Jacqueline Z. Wilson

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  1. Frank Golding
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia

    Kristine Moruzi

  2. Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia

    Nell Musgrove

  3. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Carla Pascoe Leahy

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Golding, F., Wilson, J.Z. (2019). Lost and Found: Counter-Narratives of Dis/Located Children. In: Moruzi, K., Musgrove, N., Pascoe Leahy, C. (eds) Children’s Voices from the Past. Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11896-9_13

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