Abstract
Program analysis by abstract interpretation using relational abstract domains—like polyhedra or octagons—easily extends from state analysis (construction of reachable states) to relational analysis (construction of input-output relations). In this paper, we exploit this extension to enable interprocedural program analysis, by constructing relational summaries of procedures. In order to improve the accuracy of procedure summaries, we propose a method to refine them into disjunctions of relations, these disjunctions being directed by preconditions on input parameters.
This work has been partially supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement nr. 306595 “STATOR0”.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
This change in the abstract equations could also be obtained by transforming each loop “while c do B” into “if c {do B while c}”, a transformation called “loop inversion” often applied by compilers.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
References
Allen, F.E.: Interprocedural analysis and the information derived by it. In: Hackl, C.E. (ed.) IBM 1974. LNCS, vol. 23, pp. 291–321. Springer, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07131-8_31
Allen, F.E.: Interprocedural data flow analysis. In: IFIP Congress, pp. 398–402 (1974)
Ancourt, C., Coelho, F., Irigoin, F.: A modular static analysis approach to affine loop invariants detection. Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 267(1), 3–16 (2010)
Apinis, K., Seidl, H., Vojdani, V.: How to combine widening and narrowing for non-monotonic systems of equations. In: ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2013, Seattle, WA, pp. 377–386, June 2013
Bagnara, R., Ricci, E., Zaffanella, E., Hill, P.M.: Possibly not closed convex polyhedra and the parma polyhedra library. In: Hermenegildo, M.V., Puebla, G. (eds.) SAS 2002. LNCS, vol. 2477, pp. 213–229. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45789-5_17
Barth, J.M.: An interprocedural data flow analysis algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, pp. 119–131. ACM (1977)
Barvinok, A.I.: A polynomial time algorithm for counting integral points in polyhedra when the dimension is fixed. Math. Oper. Res. 19(4), 769–779 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1287/moor.19.4.769. https://doi.org/10.1287/moor.19.4.769
Becchi, A., Zaffanella, E.: An efficient abstract domain for not necessarily closed polyhedra. In: Podelski, A. (ed.) SAS 2018. LNCS, vol. 11002, pp. 146–165. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99725-4_11
Bourdoncle, F.: Abstract interpretation by dynamic partitioning. J. Funct. Program. 2(4), 407–435 (1992)
Boutonnet, R., Asavoae, M.: The WCET analysis using counters - a preliminary assessment. In: Proceedings of 8th JRWRTC, in Conjunction with RTNS14, Versailles, France, October 2014
Clauss, P.: Counting solutions to linear and nonlinear constraints through Ehrhart polynomials: applications to analyze and transform scientific programs. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Supercomputing, ICS 1996, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 25–28 May 1996, pp. 278–285 (1996). http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/237578.237617
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Abstract interpretation: a unified lattice model for static analysis of programs by construction or approximation of fixpoints. In: 4th ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL 1977, Los Angeles, January 1977
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Static determination of dynamic properties of recursive procedures. In: IFIP Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts, St. Andrews, NB, Canada. North-Holland Publishing Company (1977)
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Relational abstract interpretation of higher order functional programs (extended abstract). In: Proceedings of Actes JTASPEFL 1991 (Bordeaux), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), October 1991, pp. 33–36 (1991)
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Compositional separate modular static analysis of programs by abstract interpretation. In: Proceedings of SSGRR, pp. 6–10 (2001)
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Modular static program analysis. In: Horspool, R.N. (ed.) CC 2002. LNCS, vol. 2304, pp. 159–179. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45937-5_13
Cousot, P., Halbwachs, N.: Automatic discovery of linear restraints among variables of a program. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, pp. 84–96. ACM (1978)
Flexeder, A., Müller-Olm, M., Petter, M., Seidl, H.: Fast interprocedural linear two-variable equalities. ACM Trans. Programm. Lang. Syst. (TOPLAS) 33(6), 21 (2011)
Giacobazzi, R., Scozzari, F.: A logical model for relational abstract domains. ACM Trans. Programm. Lang. Syst. (TOPLAS) 20(5), 1067–1109 (1998)
Gulwani, S., Tiwari, A.: Computing procedure summaries for interprocedural analysis. In: De Nicola, R. (ed.) ESOP 2007. LNCS, vol. 4421, pp. 253–267. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71316-6_18
Halbwachs, N.: Détermination automatique de relations linéaires vérifiées par les variables d’un programme. Ph.D. thesis, Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble (1979)
Howe, J.M., King, A.: Polyhedral analysis using parametric objectives. In: Miné, A., Schmidt, D. (eds.) SAS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7460, pp. 41–57. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33125-1_6
Irigoin, F., Jouvelot, P., Triolet, R.: Semantical interprocedural parallelization: an overview of the pips project. In: ACM International Conference on Supercomputing 25th Anniversary Volume, pp. 143–150. ACM (2014)
Jeannet, B.: Dynamic partitioning in linear relation analysis: application to the verification of reactive systems. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 23(1), 5–37 (2003)
Jeannet, B.: INTERPROC analyzer for recursive programs with numerical variables. INRIA. http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/interproc/interprocweb.cgi. Accessed 06 Nov 2010
Jeannet, B.: Relational interprocedural verification of concurrent programs. Softw. Syst. Model. 12(2), 285–306 (2013)
Jeannet, B., Gopan, D., Reps, T.: A relational abstraction for functions. In: Hankin, C., Siveroni, I. (eds.) SAS 2005. LNCS, vol. 3672, pp. 186–202. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11547662_14
Jeannet, B., Halbwachs, N., Raymond, P.: Dynamic partitioning in analyses of numerical properties. In: Cortesi, A., Filé, G. (eds.) SAS 1999. LNCS, vol. 1694, pp. 39–50. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48294-6_3
Jeannet, B., Miné, A.: Apron: a library of numerical abstract domains for static analysis. In: Bouajjani, A., Maler, O. (eds.) CAV 2009. LNCS, vol. 5643, pp. 661–667. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02658-4_52
Jeannet, B., Serwe, W.: Abstracting call-stacks for interprocedural verification of imperative programs. In: Rattray, C., Maharaj, S., Shankland, C. (eds.) AMAST 2004. LNCS, vol. 3116, pp. 258–273. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27815-3_22
Kelly, W., Maslov, V., Pugh, W., Rosser, E., Shpeisman, T., Wonnacott, D.: The Omega calculator and library, version 1.1. 0. College Park, MD 20742, 18 (1996)
Khedker, U., Sanyal, A., Sathe, B.: Data Flow Analysis: Theory and Practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2009)
Kranz, J., Simon, A.: Modular analysis of executables using on-demand heyting completion. Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation. LNCS, vol. 10747, pp. 291–312. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73721-8_14
Lattner, C., Adve, V.: LLVM: a compilation framework for lifelong program analysis & transformation. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO 2004), Palo Alto, California, March 2004
Maisonneuve, V.: Convex invariant refinement by control node splitting: a heuristic approach. Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 288, 49–59 (2012)
Maisonneuve, V., Hermant, O., Irigoin, F.: Computing invariants with transformers: experimental scalability and accuracy. Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 307, 17–31 (2014)
Maréchal, A., Monniaux, D., Périn, M.: Scalable minimizing-operators on polyhedra via parametric linear programming. In: Ranzato, F. (ed.) SAS 2017. LNCS, vol. 10422, pp. 212–231. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66706-5_11
Mauborgne, L., Rival, X.: Trace partitioning in abstract interpretation based static analyzers. In: Sagiv, M. (ed.) ESOP 2005. LNCS, vol. 3444, pp. 5–20. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31987-0_2
Miné, A.: The octagon abstract domain. In: AST 2001 in WCRE 2001, pp. 310–319. IEEE/IEEE CS Press, October 2001
Müller-Olm, M., Rüthing, O., Seidl, H.: Checking herbrand equalities and beyond. In: Cousot, R. (ed.) VMCAI 2005. LNCS, vol. 3385, pp. 79–96. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30579-8_6
Müller-Olm, M., Seidl, H.: Computing interprocedurally valid relations in affine programs. Princ. Prog. Lang. (2004)
Müller-Olm, M., Seidl, H., Steffen, B.: Interprocedural analysis (almost) for free. Univ. Dekanat Informatik (2004)
Popeea, C., Chin, W.-N.: Inferring disjunctive postconditions. In: Okada, M., Satoh, I. (eds.) ASIAN 2006. LNCS, vol. 4435, pp. 331–345. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77505-8_26
Popeea, C., Chin, W.N.: Dual analysis for proving safety and finding bugs. In: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 2137–2143. ACM (2010)
Popeea, C., Chin, W.N.: Dual analysis for proving safety and finding bugs. Sci. Comput. Program. 78(4), 390–411 (2013)
Reps, T., Horwitz, S., Sagiv, M.: Precise interprocedural dataflow analysis via graph reachability. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, pp. 49–61. ACM (1995)
Rival, X., Mauborgne, L.: The trace partitioning abstract domain. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. (TOPLAS) 29(5), 26 (2007)
Sharir, M., Pnueli, A.: Two approaches to interprocedural data flow analysis. New York University, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department (1978)
Singh, G., Püschel, M., Vechev, M.T.: Fast polyhedra abstract domain. In: POPL, pp. 46–59 (2017)
Sotin, P., Jeannet, B.: Precise interprocedural analysis in the presence of pointers to the stack. In: Barthe, G. (ed.) ESOP 2011. LNCS, vol. 6602, pp. 459–479. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19718-5_24
Spillman, T.C.: Exposing side-effects in a PL/I optimizing compiler. In: IFIP Congress, vol. 1, pp. 376–381 (1971)
Yorsh, G., Yahav, E., Chandra, S.: Generating precise and concise procedure summaries. In: ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 43, pp. 221–234. ACM (2008)
Zhang, X., Mangal, R., Naik, M., Yang, H.: Hybrid top-down and bottom-up interprocedural analysis. In: ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 49, pp. 249–258. ACM (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Boutonnet, R., Halbwachs, N. (2019). Disjunctive Relational Abstract Interpretation for Interprocedural Program Analysis. In: Enea, C., Piskac, R. (eds) Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation. VMCAI 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11388. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11245-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11245-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11244-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11245-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)