Abstract
The surface evaporation of a liquid with a normal boiling point below 273 K is governed almost solely by the complex mechanisms associated with the surface layers. This chapter describes the findings of research at Southampton University on the 3 delicate impedance processes, which together control the evaporating mass flow via convection, conduction and molecular surface evaporation.
Under normal storage and handling conditions, the equilibrium liquid boil-off is determined by the surface evaporation. There is no heterogeneous nucleate boiling under storage conditions. However, it has been found that instabilities can arise causing peaks in evaporation, when the surface layers are disturbed.
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Bostock, T. ., Scurlock, R.G. (2019). Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids. In: Low-Loss Storage and Handling of Cryogenic Liquids. International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10641-6_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10641-6_2
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