Abstract
Valls-Montes and López-Facal explore the treatment of the period beginning with the Spanish Civil War until the end of the Franco dictatorship in 1975 in history textbooks and curricula in Spain. They examine changing interpretations of the Second Republic, the Civil War and the Franco dictatorship, observing that over the last two decades, the teaching of history in Spain has contributed to deeper and more reasoned knowledge of the complex history of the period. The contribution of history teaching to the processes of reconciliation has been significant but leaves room for development, partly as a result of the reluctance of teachers to learn new approaches, but also due to the reticence of editors to publish topics that remain controversial in the public sphere.
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Notes
- 1.
This work is part of the COMDEMO research project (Spanish acronym of Social Competencies for Democratic Citizenship, code EDU2015-65621-C3-1-R) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
- 2.
The problems of the People’s Party regarding the recognition of the victims of Franco’s dictatorship did not end in 2002. In December 2003, the parties represented in the Spanish Parliament, with the sole exception of the People’s Party, participated in a memorial ceremony for the victims of repression under the Franco regime during the commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the current Spanish Constitution. Those who participated in the ceremony repeated over and over again the phrase ‘Forgive, yes; forget, never!’.
- 3.
The Inter-ministerial Commission for the Examination of the Situation of Victims of the Civil War and the Franco Regime. The committee produced its report on 28 June 2006: See Informe General de la Comision Interministerial Para el Estudio de la Situación de las Victimas de la Guerra Civil y del Franquismo [Inter-ministerial Commission General Report for the Study of the Situation of Victims of Civil War and Francoism] http://www.memoriahistorica.gob.es/es-es/LaLey/Documents/InformeVictimas.pdf (accessed 27 November 2017).
- 4.
Parliamentary Assembly, ‘Recommendation 1736. ‘Need for International Condemnation of the Franco Regime’’, 2006, accessed 5 June 2017: http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta06/EREC1736.htm.
- 5.
Ley 57/2007 por la que se reconocen y amplían derechos y se establecen medidas en favor de quienes padecieron persecución o violencia durante la Guerra Civil y la Dictadura, commonly known in Spanish as the Ley de Memoría Historica.
- 6.
Castro, J. R. Geografía e historia. Quinto curso de bachillerato (Zaragoza, Librería General, 1945), 315–317.
- 7.
Preston P. and MacKenzie, A., eds., The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain 1936–1939 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), viii.
- 8.
Mañero, M., Sánchez, D. J. and González, I. Ciencias Sociales. 8° (EGB. Salamanca: Anaya, 1975), 118–119.
- 9.
Madalena, J. I., Maestro, P. and Pedro, E., Proyecto Kairós: Historia. 2° bachillerato, (Barcelona: Rialla-Octaedro, 1999), 291.
- 10.
Asociación para la recuperación de la memoria historica (The Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory), set up in 2000, is the association in Spain which does most to demand the recovery of the memory (and of the bodies still lying forgotten in mass graves) of the Republican victims of the Civil War and the early years of the Franco dictatorship. For more information, see: http://www.memoriahistorica.org/.
Further Reading
Aguilar, P. Memory and Amnesia: the role of the Spanish Civil War in the transition to democracy. New York: Berghahn, 2002.
Aguilar, P. Políticas de la memoria y memorias de la política. El caso español en perspectiva comparada [Politics of memory and memories of politics: the Spanish case from a comparative perspective]. Madrid: Alianza, 2008.
Aróstegui, J., and F. Godicheau, eds. Guerra Civil: mito y memoria [The Civil War: myth and memory]. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2006.
Barahona de Brito, A., P. Aguilar Fernández and C. González Enríquez. Las políticas hacia el pasado. Juicios, depuraciones, perdón y olvido en las nuevas democracias [Policies relating to the past: trials, purges, pardons, and amnesia in new democracies]. Madrid: Istmo, 2002.
Carretero, M. et al. Enseñanza de la historia y memoria colectiva [Teaching history and collective memory]. Buenos Aires: Paidós, 2006.
Casanova, J. República y Guerra Civil [The Republic and the Civil War]. Madrid: Crítica-Marcial Pons, 2007.
Cole, E. A. Teaching the violent past: history education and reconciliation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.
Falaize, B., and M. Koreta. La guerre d’Espagne: l’écrire et l’enseigner. Paris: Institut national de recherche pédagogique, 2010.
López Facal, R. and J. S. Sáiz. ‘History Education and Nationalism Conflicts’. In Guyver. R. ed., Teaching history and the changing nation state. Transnational and international perspectives (pp. 201–215). London: Bloomsbury, 2016.
Valls, R. Historia y memoria escolar: Segunda República, Guerra Civil y dictadura franquista en las aulas (1938–2008) [History and memory in schools: the Second Republic, the Civil War and the Francoist dictatorship in the classroom (1938–2008)]. Valencia: Universitat de València, 2009.
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Valls-Montes, R., López-Facal, R. (2019). Spain. In: Cajani, L., Lässig, S., Repoussi, M. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Conflict and History Education in the Post-Cold War Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05722-0_46
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