Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic noncommunicable disease contributing to a major share of premature morbidity and mortality in age 30–70. Globally, the estimated number of people living with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 476 million in 2017 with the prevalence of diabetes among adults over 18 years of age rising from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. Worldwide, 1.4 million deaths and 2.5% of total deaths are attributed to diabetes in 2017. The rapid rise in the prevalence of diabetes in low- and middle-income countries suggests the changing course of the diabetes epidemiology that it is a more widespread problem across the rich and poor nations as well as among the rich and poor of the nations. Among WHO regions, the Eastern Mediterranean, part of Asia, and Africa have higher prevalence of diabetes as compared to other countries, while Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions have the largest numbers of people with diabetes. Contributed by the complex interaction between genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors, globally, the prevalence of diabetes accentuates at the age of 45–49 with one in ten older adults diagnosed with diabetes with the peak prevalence rate of 24% in the oldest old age of 85–89. As a hormonal and metabolic chronic condition, diabetes is a main driver of several other comorbid health outcomes such as cardiovascular diseases, mental health disorders, kidney diseases, eye-related disorders, neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, bone-related diseases, etc. The global burden of diabetes not only poses serious challenges to public health but tend to have an overwhelming effect on the global development through substantial social and economic loss. Therefore, preventing and controlling diabetes with multisectoral efforts and effective interventions are very important. Early screening and adequate awareness and health-care intervention are essential to reduce the global burden of diabetes.
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References
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Appendix
Appendix
Country-Wise GBD Estimates of Diabetes Burden, 2017 (Source: GBD 2017)
Low prevalence countries (<5%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Name of country | DM (%) | ||
Age standardized prevalence | DALYs | Death rate | |
Nigeria | 4 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
Colombia | 4.1 | 2.8 | 2.6 |
Japan | 4.1 | 2.2 | 0.5 |
Brazil | 4.2 | 3.3 | 4.2 |
Australia | 4.3 | 2.7 | 2.2 |
Peru | 4.3 | 2.9 | 3 |
Albania | 4.4 | 2.1 | 0.6 |
New Zealand | 4.4 | 2.6 | 1.7 |
Ethiopia | 4.5 | 1.2 | 2.1 |
Greenland | 4.6 | 1.9 | 1 |
Costa Rica | 4.8 | 2.8 | 1.7 |
France | 4.9 | 2.6 | 1.8 |
Medium prevalence countries (5% to < 10%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Name of country | DM (%) | ||
Age standardized prevalence | DALYs | Death rate | |
Belarus | 5 | 1.7 | 0.3 |
China | 5 | 2.7 | 1.5 |
Tanzania | 5 | 1.3 | 2.1 |
Guinea | 5.1 | 1 | 1.5 |
Romania | 5.1 | 2.3 | 0.9 |
Russian Federation | 5.1 | 1.9 | 0.9 |
Rwanda | 5.1 | 1.6 | 2.4 |
Canada | 5.2 | 3.6 | 2.5 |
Burkina Faso | 5.3 | 1 | 1.5 |
Nepal | 5.3 | 2.3 | 2.9 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 5.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
Togo | 5.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 |
Cameroon | 5.4 | 1.3 | 1.9 |
Niger | 5.4 | 0.7 | 1 |
Bangladesh | 5.5 | 2.7 | 3.9 |
Bulgaria | 5.5 | 2.8 | 1.5 |
North Korea | 5.5 | 2.4 | 1.4 |
Sierra Leone | 5.5 | 1 | 1.4 |
Mali | 5.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
Mongolia | 5.6 | 1.5 | 0.5 |
Slovakia | 5.6 | 2.8 | 1.4 |
Uganda | 5.6 | 1.1 | 1.6 |
Ukraine | 5.6 | 1.7 | 0.4 |
Bhutan | 5.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 |
Chad | 5.7 | 0.7 | 1 |
India | 5.7 | 2.3 | 2.6 |
Madagascar | 5.7 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
Cuba | 5.8 | 3.6 | 1.7 |
Lithuania | 5.8 | 2.2 | 0.5 |
The Gambia | 5.8 | 1.6 | 2.1 |
Austria | 5.9 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
Cape Verde | 5.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Cote d’Ivoire | 5.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 |
Germany | 5.9 | 2.9 | 2 |
Panama | 5.9 | 4.6 | 5.6 |
Slovenia | 5.9 | 3.2 | 1.5 |
Thailand | 5.9 | 4 | 3.2 |
Burundi | 6 | 1.2 | 1.7 |
Bermuda | 6.1 | 5.3 | 3.9 |
Dominican Republic | 6.1 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
Ecuador | 6.1 | 4.2 | 5 |
Italy | 6.1 | 4.4 | 3 |
Spain | 6.1 | 3.3 | 2 |
Kyrgyzstan | 6.2 | 2 | 0.8 |
Singapore | 6.2 | 2.9 | 0.8 |
Yemen | 6.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
Zambia | 6.2 | 1.3 | 2 |
Andorra | 6.3 | 2.8 | 0.9 |
Eritrea | 6.3 | 1.6 | 2.2 |
Kenya | 6.3 | 1.7 | 2.1 |
Liberia | 6.3 | 1.3 | 1.7 |
Mozambique | 6.3 | 1.2 | 1.7 |
Greece | 6.4 | 2.9 | 0.9 |
Mauritania | 6.4 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
Moldova | 6.4 | 2.3 | 0.6 |
Somalia | 6.4 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
Turkey | 6.4 | 4.1 | 3.7 |
Benin | 6.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 |
Ghana | 6.5 | 2 | 2.6 |
Guinea-Bissau | 6.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
Latvia | 6.5 | 2.8 | 1.1 |
South Sudan | 6.5 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
Venezuela | 6.5 | 4.4 | 5 |
Djibouti | 6.6 | 2.5 | 3.2 |
Honduras | 6.6 | 2.8 | 2.2 |
South Korea | 6.6 | 5 | 3.9 |
Croatia | 6.7 | 4.1 | 2 |
Kazakhstan | 6.7 | 2.2 | 0.9 |
Nicaragua | 6.7 | 4.5 | 5.3 |
Poland | 6.7 | 3.1 | 1.7 |
UK | 6.7 | 2.5 | 0.9 |
Chile | 6.8 | 3.7 | 3 |
Comoros | 6.8 | 2.8 | 3.4 |
Senegal | 6.8 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
Argentina | 6.9 | 3.5 | 2.8 |
Belgium | 6.9 | 3.4 | 1.3 |
Estonia | 6.9 | 3.1 | 0.8 |
Malawi | 6.9 | 1.4 | 2 |
Sudan | 6.9 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
USA | 6.9 | 3.8 | 2.4 |
Bolivia | 7 | 3.7 | 4.4 |
Israel | 7.1 | 4.4 | 4.7 |
Sweden | 7.2 | 3.7 | 1.9 |
Taiwan (Province of China) | 7.2 | 5.5 | 5.3 |
El Salvador | 7.3 | 4.8 | 5.2 |
Maldives | 7.3 | 4.4 | 3.1 |
Paraguay | 7.3 | 5 | 6.7 |
Switzerland | 7.3 | 3.6 | 1.7 |
Vietnam | 7.3 | 4.3 | 3.9 |
Hungary | 7.4 | 3.3 | 1.7 |
Norway | 7.4 | 3.4 | 1.4 |
Syria | 7.4 | 1.7 | 1 |
Tunisia | 7.4 | 3.8 | 2.9 |
Cambodia | 7.5 | 2.9 | 2.7 |
Cyprus | 7.5 | 4.8 | 5.2 |
Macedonia | 7.6 | 4.9 | 3.9 |
Serbia | 7.6 | 4.3 | 2.8 |
Czech Republic | 7.7 | 4.4 | 2.7 |
Montenegro | 7.7 | 4.2 | 2.5 |
Pakistan | 7.7 | 2.1 | 2.9 |
Iceland | 7.8 | 3.4 | 1 |
Iran | 7.8 | 3.9 | 4.2 |
Malaysia | 7.9 | 3.3 | 1.1 |
Uruguay | 7.9 | 3.8 | 2.4 |
The Bahamas | 8.1 | 5.3 | 5.1 |
Virgin Islands, USA | 8.1 | 6.6 | 5.7 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8.2 | 6.4 | 6.2 |
Netherlands | 8.3 | 3.7 | 1.8 |
Timor-Leste | 8.3 | 2.7 | 2.6 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 8.5 | 7.5 | 8.1 |
Algeria | 8.6 | 3.7 | 3.1 |
Finland | 8.6 | 3.5 | 0.7 |
Kuwait | 8.6 | 4.1 | 2.8 |
Turkmenistan | 8.6 | 3.3 | 2.1 |
Azerbaijan | 8.7 | 3.8 | 2.3 |
Dominica | 8.7 | 6.5 | 6.8 |
Haiti | 8.7 | 3.3 | 4.5 |
Indonesia | 8.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
Ireland | 8.7 | 3.7 | 1.4 |
Laos | 8.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
Guatemala | 8.8 | 4.7 | 6.2 |
South Africa | 8.8 | 3.6 | 4.8 |
Tajikistan | 8.8 | 3 | 2.8 |
Armenia | 8.9 | 5.7 | 4 |
Morocco | 8.9 | 3.9 | 3.7 |
Namibia | 8.9 | 2.6 | 3.2 |
Saint Lucia | 8.9 | 7.6 | 8.1 |
Barbados | 9 | 8.6 | 8.7 |
Belize | 9 | 5.4 | 6.7 |
Uzbekistan | 9 | 4 | 3.1 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 9.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 |
Egypt | 9.2 | 3.6 | 2.8 |
Grenada | 9.3 | 8 | 8.4 |
Philippines | 9.3 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
Jamaica | 9.4 | 9 | 12.4 |
Myanmar | 9.4 | 5.5 | 6.6 |
Suriname | 9.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 |
Zimbabwe | 9.4 | 2 | 2.3 |
Jordan | 9.5 | 4.1 | 5.5 |
Luxembourg | 9.5 | 3.9 | 1.4 |
Sri Lanka | 9.5 | 7.6 | 9.2 |
Palestine | 9.6 | 3.8 | 5.3 |
Seychelles | 9.6 | 4.2 | 2.4 |
Central African Republic | 9.7 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
Iraq | 9.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
Puerto Rico | 9.7 | 8.5 | 8.4 |
Angola | 9.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 |
Botswana | 9.8 | 3.7 | 4.7 |
Georgia | 9.8 | 4.6 | 2.4 |
Guyana | 9.9 | 6.4 | 7.6 |
Oman | 9.9 | 4.3 | 4.8 |
High prevalence countries (≥10%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Name of country | DM (%) | ||
Age standardized prevalence | DALYs | Death rate | |
Congo | 10 | 2.5 | 2.7 |
Portugal | 10 | 5.7 | 3.3 |
Saudi Arabia | 10 | 3.3 | 2.3 |
Lebanon | 10.2 | 4.9 | 4.8 |
Gabon | 10.3 | 3.5 | 4 |
Denmark | 10.4 | 4.6 | 2.4 |
Afghanistan | 10.6 | 1.8 | 2.6 |
Libya | 10.9 | 4.3 | 4.1 |
Lesotho | 11.1 | 3 | 4.4 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 11.1 | 8.8 | 9.5 |
Equatorial Guinea | 11.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
Brunei | 11.3 | 7.3 | 9 |
Mexico | 11.3 | 8.2 | 9 |
Malta | 11.4 | 5.6 | 2.9 |
United Arab Emirates | 11.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 |
Bahrain | 11.8 | 8.7 | 15.9 |
Qatar | 11.9 | 5.4 | 7.7 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 12.3 | 12 | 14.4 |
Guam | 13 | 5.7 | 3.9 |
Northern Mariana Islands | 13.5 | 8.8 | 7.3 |
Swaziland | 13.6 | 3.9 | 5.8 |
Samoa | 13.8 | 6.9 | 7.3 |
Papua New Guinea | 14.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 |
Mauritius | 14.9 | 14.3 | 16.7 |
Solomon Islands | 14.9 | 5.7 | 6.5 |
Vanuatu | 15.1 | 4.4 | 4.2 |
Tonga | 16.8 | 10.4 | 12.8 |
Marshall Islands | 19.7 | 7 | 6.9 |
Federated States of Micronesia | 19.8 | 8.7 | 9.1 |
American Samoa | 21.2 | 10.6 | 10.1 |
Fiji | 22.2 | 16.6 | 21.8 |
Kiribati | 23.5 | 9.6 | 11.9 |
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Arokiasamy, P., Salvi, S., Selvamani, Y. (2021). Global Burden of Diabetes Mellitus. In: Kickbusch, I., Ganten, D., Moeti, M. (eds) Handbook of Global Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_28-2
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Global Burden of Diabetes Mellitus- Published:
- 04 May 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_28-2
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Global Burden of Diabetes Mellitus- Published:
- 05 February 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_28-1